Table 1.
Data about Restrained and Secluded Inpatients from the Literature
| Author (Ref.*) | Country | Number of patients | Study design | % restr.* | % secl.* | Duration of restr.* (h*) | Duration secl.* (h*) | Duration hosp.* (d*) | N previous hosp.* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allen & Currier [36] | USA | No data | 1 year study | 71(abs* No.) | 308 (abs* No.) | 3.2 | 3.6 | No data | No data |
| Betemps et al. [37] | USA | 86 medical centers | 1-year study | No data | – | Mean 25.6 M = 16.2 | – | No data | No data |
| Chien et al. [19] | Hong Kong | 30 | qualitative exploratory study | – | – | Range 2–20 mean 8 | – | No data | No data |
| Dumais et al. [20] | Canada | 2721 | 2-year retrospective | 17.5 | 23.2 | Mean 22.4 (SD = 66.6) | Mean 134.3 (SD = 682.4) | Mean 118.1 (SD = 201.0) | No data |
| Kaltiala-Heino et al. [8] | Finland | 1543 | 6-months retrospective study | 3.8 | 6.6 | No data | No data | No data | No data |
| Kaltiala-Heino et al. [5] | Finland | 1543 | retrospective chart review | 7.2 | 23.9 | Mean 19.4 (SD = 21.9) | Mean 35.8 (SD =76.8) | No data | No data |
| Keski-Valkama et al. [38] | Finland | 1990–6417 1991–6103 1994–5785 1998–5170 2004–4859 | Comparative structured postal survey from the national register | 1.2 0.7 1.5 0.8 0.8 | 1.5 1.8 1.2 1.1 1.3 | M = 6.7 M = 5.4 M = 6.7 M = 7.3 M = 7.0 | M = 5.6 M = 9.0 M = 11.2 M = 12.1 M = 17.1 | No data | No data |
| Korkeila et al. [27] | Finland | 1543 | 6-months retrospective chart review | 3.8 | 6.6 | Cumulative 86 | Cumulative 574 | No data | No data |
| Kostecka & Zardecka [39] | Poland | 414 | Comparative study | 15.7 | – | Mean 7.95 (SD = 4) | – | No data | No data |
| LeGris et al. [9] | Canada | 85 | 8-months | – | 48.2 | – | 8.7 days | Mean 41 (SD = 31) | Mean 4.2 (SD = 6) |
| Martin et al. [40] | Germany | 31,399 | 1-year study in 7 German and | 49.9 | 50.1 | Mean 9.6 (M = 9.3) | Mean 7.4 (M = 9.0) | No data | No data |
| Switzerland | 7931 | 7 Swiss psych hospitalization | 20.7 | 79.3 | Mean 48.7 (M = 52.8) | Mean 55.0 (M = 55.1) | |||
| Odawara et al. [41] | Japan | 1334 | 4- years retrospect study | 18 | – | Within 24 h or less 16.2% Within 2–3 days 24% Within 4–7 days 21.6% Within 8–14 days 14.1% Within 15–30 days 17.9% > 31 days 6.2% | – | Mean 51.4 (SD = 48.2) | 2.2 |
| Porat et al. [42] | Israel | 1419 | A month study in 9 government psychiatric hospitalization | 14.2 | – | 5.4 | – | No data | 0–26 1–3- 23 4–9 – 21 10+ − 19 |
| Thomas et al. [12] | UK | 193 | 2-years admission cohort | – | 44 | – | No data | No data | Mean 3.08 (SD = 5.03) |
| Tunde-Ayinmode & Little [11] | Australia | 253 | 1-year retrospective study | – | 31 | – | Mean 9 (SD = 10) | Mean 29 (SD = 22) | 71% had prev. Hosp. |
Abs – absolute number, hosp – hospitalization Ref – references, restr – restraint, secl – seclusion, M – median;
SD – standard deviation, h – hours, d - days