Table 1.

Compendium of miRNAs with potential as bio-markers for inflammatory breast cancer

miRNAs	Breast cancer type	Sample	Roles	Expression	Expression signatures and clinical correlations	Predicted targeted genes	Pathways	References
miR-301b	IBC/non-IBC	Primary tissue	Diagnosis	Up-regulated	Highly over-expressed in IBC samples, high expression was associated with higher grade in IBC, and higher grade, ER negativity and stage III in non-IBC	FOXF2, BBC3, PTEN, COL2A1	Proliferation, invasion	[39, 40]
miR-451	IBC	Serum	Diagnosis	Down-regulated	The most down-regulated miRNAs in IBC, able to enhance tamoxifen sensitive	MIF, YWHAZ	Proliferation, colony formation, invasion	[21, 37, 41, 42]
miR-15a	IBC	Serum	Diagnosis	Down-regulated	Lower in HER2+ IBC patients	CCNE1, CDCA4, BCL2L2, YAP1, AKT-3, SNCG	Proliferation, invasion, apoptosis	[37, 43–46]
miR-342-3p	IBC	Plasma	Diagnosis	Down-regulated	Lower in pre-menopausal IBC patients, associated with ER levels	ID4	Apoptosis	[37, 47]
miR-342-5p	IBC/non-IBC	Serum	Diagnosis	Down-regulated	Lower in post-menopausal IBC patients, associated with ER levels	ID4	Apoptosis	[37, 47]
miR-24	IBC/non-IBC	Plasma	Diagnosis	Up-regulated	Significantly higher in post-menopausal IBC/non-IBC patients	CDKN1B	Proliferation, apoptosis	[37, 78]
miR-19a	IBC	Serum	Prognosis	Up-regulated	High levels of serum miR-19a is a predictive bio-marker for favorable clinical outcome in patients with metastatic HER2+ IBC	Fra-1 and its downstream genes (VEGF, STAT3 and pSTAT3)	Progression, metastasis	[37, 49, 50]
miR-7	IBC	Primary tissue	Prognosis	Up-regulated	High expression was associated with ER (+) status in IBC, also associated with prolonged MFS of IBC patients	EGFR, IGF1R, Wave3	Proliferation, metastasis, invasion	[39, 52]
miR-324-5p	IBC	Primary tissue	Prognosis	Up-regulated	Up-regulation of miR-324-5p was related to prolonged MFS in IBC phenotype	CUEDC2	Invasion, metastasis	[39, 53–55]
miR-21	IBC/non-IBC	Primary tissue	Prognosis	Up-regulated	Increased level of miR-21 was associated with higher grade in IBC, and higher stages and unfavorable molecular subtypes in non-IBC	PDCD4, PTEN, SPRY2 BCL2, TPM1, MASPIN	Migration, invasion, metastasis	[39, 56–59]
miR-205	IBC	Primary tissue	Prognosis	Down-regulated	Down-regulated in IBC and lower expression of miR-205 was associated with shorter distant metastasis-free survival and overall survival	ZEB1, ZEB2, HER3, AMOT, erbB2/erbB3	Proliferation, invasion, metastasis	[60–73]
miR-29a, miR-30b and miR-520a-5p	IBC	Primary tissue	Prognosis	–	Significant associations between specific miRNA target gene expression and patient outcome (DMFS, RFS and OS)	BRWD1, NRIP1, RAPGEF6, TMPO, ABCE1…	Proliferation, invasion, metastasis	[74–76]
miR-520a-5p	IBC	Primary tissue	Prognosis	Up-regulated	Higher levels of IBC specific miR-520a-5p target gene expression with a shorter DMFS, RFS or OS in non-IBC	TMPO, ABCE1, KPNA1, PTP4A2…	Invasion, metastasis	[74]
A 5-miRNA signature (miR-421, miR-486, miR-503, miR-720 and miR-1303)	IBC/non-IBC	Primary tissue	Prognosis	–	This signature is predictive for IBC phenotype with an overall accuracy of 89%, also an independent predictor of poor metastasis-free survival in non-IBC patients	FXR, DPC4/Smad4, ATM, ANK, CCND1, TWIST1, GSK3β, SFRP1, CLDN18	Proliferation, invasion, migration, metastasis	[39, 74, 77, 79–81]
miR-421	IBC/non-IBC	Primary tissue	Prognosis	Up-regulated	Up-regulated in IBC, higher miR-421 expression associated with higher histological grade in non-IBC and IBC and a significant poorer MFS in non-IBC	FXR, DPC4/Smad4, ATM	Proliferation, migration	[39, 82–84]
miR-486	IBC/non-IBC	Primary tissue	Prognosis	Up-regulated	Over-expressed in IBC, higher miR-486 expression levels associated with longer MFS in non-IBC	ANK	Proliferation, apoptosis	[39, 85]
miR-503	IBC	Primary tissue	Prognosis	Up-regulated	Most highly over-expressed in IBC, high miR-503 expression was correlated with higher stage breast cancer	CCND1	Proliferation	[39, 86]
miR-720	IBC	Primary tissue	Prognosis	Up-regulated	Significantly up-regulated in both IBC/nonIBC and IBC/normal	TWIST1	Invasion, migration	[27, 80, 87]
miR-1303	IBC	Primary tissue	Prognosis	Down-regulated	miR-1303 was down-regulated in IBC/non-IBC, and high expression was associated with estrogen receptor positive status in IBC	GSK3β, SFRP1, CLDN18	Proliferation, invasion	[39, 79, 81]