Table 2.

Synthesis of proactive and reactive actions against negative interactions among nurses, and their outcomes

Authors (year)	Sample/Setting	Typology of negative interactions	Proactive actions	Reactive actions	Outcomes
Spence Laschinger et al. (2012) (36)	755 nurses respondents in the 1st survey, and 573 in the 2nd survey, among 32 wards in Nova Scotia, and 19 wards in Ontario (Canada).	Workplace Incivility	Structural empowerment and working relationships improvement program (Civility, Respect and Engagement at Work - CREW program) in 8 wards, with 33 wards as control (no program).	NR	Not statistically significant variations between the intervention and control groups, before and after the interventions, related to the levels of WI among peers. Improvement recorded in the intervention group related to the trust levels in management, the total empowerment, and in the levels of WI from the supervisors.
Barrett et al. (2009) (63)	145 hospital nurses from ICU, ED, surgical ward and operating room, Rhode Island (USA).	Lateral Violence	Team building and cohesion intervention.	NR	Significant improvement in cohesion scores and nurse to nurse interactions, after the team building intervention.
Ceravolo et al. (2012) (32)	4000 nurses and 1100 nursing students in 5 US hospitals.	Lateral Violence	Educational workshops to implement assertive communication and LV awareness.	NR	Verbal abuses lowered from 90% (634) to 70% (370). Turnover and vacant roles at 8.9% in the 1st survey, and reduction to 6% and to 3% respectively, after the 2nd survey.
Dimarino TJ. (2011) (33)	Surgical outpatient setting, in an US hospital. Number of nurses NR.	Lateral Violence	Application of a code of conduct and precise definition of acceptable and unacceptable behaviors; zero tolerance policy for LV; educative session in LV, and consequences for personnel, patients and organization.	NR	In 2010, no turn-over reported, and no reports of LV.
Embree et al. (2013) (31)	135 nurses in pre-survey; 48 respondents (35%). 143 in post-survey; 35 respondents (24%). Setting: an US hospital.	Lateral Violence	Education about LV, and cognitive trials.	NR	7.84% of voluntary turnover in the year before the intervention; 1.42% in the following year, and 0% in the subsequent.
Griffin M. (2004) (34)	26 neo-graduate nurses. (US).	Lateral Violence	2-hours educative intervention about theory and methods of reaction to LV, with a special badge reminder card about LV.	NR	25 nurses (96.1%) have seen LV during their 1st year of work; 12 (47%) were victims of LV. 100% of LV victims faced the perpetrator. 22 respondents (85%) have not used the reminder card because the lesson contents were well recalled.
Rush et al. (2014) (35)	245 nurses from British Columbia (Canada).	Bullying	Formal transition program for neo-graduate nurses.	NR	Similar rates of bullying between nurses who participated to the program and not participated (39%). In the nurses who participated to the program the rates of access to needed support were 90% among non-victims of bullying and 69% among victims. In nurses that have not participated to the program the proportions were 64% and 38%, respectively.

Legend: ED – Emergency Department; ICU – Intensive Care Unit; LV – Lateral Violence; NR – Not Reported