Table 4.
Proteins Present at Relatively Different Levels in Duodenal Biopsy Specimens From Subjects Administered Glucose or Water After a High-Fat Liquid Meal
| Uniprot accession | Protein name | Gene name | Fold change | t test P value | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P05997 | Collagen α-2(V) chaina | COL5A2 | -7.4957 | .0030 | Other (extracellular matrix protein) |
| Q5T5C0 | Syntaxin-binding protein 5a | STXBP5 | -6.8628 | 4.72E-22 | Protein folding/transport |
| Q8N2S1 | Latent-transforming growth factor β-binding protein 4a | LTBP4 | -6.7854 | .0002 | Protein folding/transport |
| O14672 | Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10a | ADAM10 | -6.7264 | .0010 | Protein metabolism |
| P17480 | Nucleolar transcription factor 1a | UBTF | -6.2100 | .0063 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| Q8N8S7 | Protein enabled homologa | ENAH | -5.7620 | .0007 | Cytoskeleton |
| Q7Z6K5 | Arpina | ARPIN | -5.7573 | 2.02E-19 | Cytoskeleton |
| Q9UQ35 | Serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein 2a | SRRM2 | -5.5687 | .0002 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| P49790 | Nuclear pore complex protein Nup153a | NUP153 | -5.1794 | .0079 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| Q9NRG7 | Epimerase family protein SDR39U1a | SDR39U1 | -4.1142 | 3.26E-28 | Mitochondria/redox |
| P16403 | Histone H1.2 | HIST1H1C | -1.0513 | .0213 | Histone |
| P01860 | Immunoglobulin heavy constant γ 3 | IGHG3 | -1.0063 | .0007 | Immune response |
| P13284 | γ-interferon–inducible lysosomal thiol reductase | IFI30 | -1.0048 | .0116 | Mitochondria/redox |
| P35580 | Myosin-10 | MYH10 | -0.9176 | .0449 | Cytoskeleton |
| P08590 | Myosin light chain 3 | MYL3 | -0.8947 | .0464 | Other (regulation of muscle contraction) |
| Q71UI9 | Histone H2A.V | H2AFV | -0.8933 | .0072 | Histone |
| Q71DI3 | Histone H3.2 | -0.8572 | .0338 | Histone | |
| A0A0B4J1X5 | Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3–74 | IGHV3-74 | -0.8112 | .0076 | Immune response |
| Q99829 | Copine-1 | CPNE1 | -0.7877 | .0101 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| P01780 | Immunoglobulin heavy variable 3–7 | IGHV3-7 | -0.7127 | .0154 | Immune response |
| P42167 | Lamina-associated polypeptide 2; isoforms β/γ | TMPO | -0.6933 | .0453 | Cell–cell adhesion |
| P0CG06 | Immunoglobulin λ constant 2 | IGLC2 | -0.6852 | .0260 | Immune response |
| Q96KA5 | Cleft lip and palate transmembrane protein 1–like protein | CLPTM1L | -0.6539 | .0031 | Other (apoptosis) |
| P01859 | Immunoglobulin heavy constant γ 2 | IGHG2 | -0.6532 | .0234 | Immune response |
| P84243 | Histone H3.3 | H3F3A | -0.6487 | .0236 | Histone |
| Q8IUX7 | Adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1 | AEBP1 | -0.637 | .0226 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| Q09666 | Neuroblast differentiation-associated protein AHNAK | AHNAK | -0.635 | .0397 | Cell–cell adhesion |
| Q9BY50 | Signal peptidase complex catalytic subunit SEC11C | SEC11C | -0.6182 | .0288 | Protein metabolism |
| P07305 | Histone H1.0 | H1F0 | -0.5824 | .0446 | Histone |
| P01857 | Immunoglobulin heavy constant γ 1 | IGHG1 | -0.5542 | .0206 | Immune response |
| Q9UEW8 | STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine–rich protein kinase | STK39 SPAK | -0.5436 | .0033 | Kinase |
| P30405 | Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F; mitochondrial | PPIF | -0.5252 | .0168 | Protein folding/transport |
| P56378 | 6.8-kilodalton mitochondrial proteolipid | MP68 | -0.4738 | .0418 | Mitochondria/redox |
| P61758 | Prefoldin subunit 3 | VBP1 | -0.4401 | .0427 | Protein folding/transport |
| Q96L92 | Sorting nexin-27 | SNX27 | -0.427 | .0158 | Protein folding/transport |
| O75323 | Protein NipSnap homolog 2 | GBAS | -0.4059 | .0315 | Mitochondria/redox |
| O75190 | DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 6 | DNAJB6 | -0.3578 | .0384 | Protein folding/transport |
| Q86UP2 | Kinectin | KTN1 | -0.3174 | .0401 | Cell–cell adhesion |
| Q15629 | Translocating chain-associated membrane protein 1 | TRAM1 | -0.3048 | .0452 | Protein folding/transport |
| Q9BWS9 | Chitinase domain-containing protein 1 | CHID1 | -0.2768 | .0223 | Immune response |
| O00186 | Syntaxin-binding protein 3 | STXBP3 | -0.2611 | .0332 | Protein folding/transport |
| Q02543 | 60S ribosomal protein L18a | RPL18A | -0.2238 | .0089 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| P13861 | cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-α regulatory subunit | PRKAR2A | -0.217 | .0098 | Kinase |
| P84085 | ADP-ribosylation factor 5 | ARF5 | -0.1788 | .0354 | Protein folding/transport |
| P28482 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | MAPK1 | -0.1528 | .0078 | Kinase |
| P59998 | Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4 | ARPC4 | -0.1477 | .0141 | Cytoskeleton |
| O15145 | Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 3 | ARPC3 | -0.145 | .0464 | Cytoskeleton |
| Q5VTE0 | Putative elongation factor 1-α–like 3 | EEF1A1P5 | -0.134 | .0151 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| Q8IZ83 | Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 16 member A1 | ALDH16A1 | 0.1539 | .0433 | Mitochondria/redox |
| Q96A33 | Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 47 | CCDC47 | 0.1676 | .0403 | Other (calcium ion homeostasis, ERAD) |
| Q9NPA0 | ER membrane protein complex subunit 7 | EMC7 | 0.1744 | .0474 | Other (carbohydrate binding) |
| Q15417 | Calponin-3 | CNN3 | 0.1993 | .0488 | Cytoskeleton |
| P21281 | V-type proton ATPase subunit B; brain isoform | ATP6V1B2 | 0.2023 | .0460 | Ion transport |
| P48556 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 | PSMD8 | 0.209 | .0347 | Protein metabolism |
| O14734 | Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 8 | ACOT8 | 0.2101 | .0177 | Lipid metabolism |
| Q9NS69 | Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM22 homolog | TOMM22 | 0.2105 | .0281 | Mitochondria/redox |
| P11940 | Polyadenylate-binding protein 1 | PABPC1 | 0.2111 | .0441 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| P78344 | Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 γ 2 | EIF4G2 | 0.2114 | .0490 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| Q14974 | Importin subunit β-1 | KPNB1 | 0.2177 | .0417 | Protein folding/transport |
| Q13200 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 | PSMD2 | 0.2182 | .0108 | Protein metabolism |
| O95782 | AP-2 complex subunit α-1 | AP2A1 | 0.219 | .0059 | Protein folding/transport |
| Q93034 | Cullin-5 | CUL5 | 0.2198 | .0058 | Protein metabolism |
| Q9UNZ2 | NSFL1 cofactor p47 | NSFL1C | 0.2214 | .0150 | Protein metabolism |
| Q9BTM9 | Ubiquitin-related modifier 1 | URM1 | 0.2221 | .0047 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| O75436 | Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 26A | VPS26A | 0.2305 | .0230 | Protein folding/transport |
| P25788 | Proteasome subunit α type-3 | PSMA3 | 0.2323 | .0358 | Protein metabolism |
| Q9Y2Z0 | Protein SGT1 homolog | SUGT1 | 0.2356 | .0128 | Protein metabolism |
| Q9P2J5 | Leucine-tRNA ligase; cytoplasmic | LARS | 0.2405 | .0207 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| P38606 | V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A | ATP6V1A | 0.2418 | .0123 | Ion transport |
| Q93008 | Probable ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase FAF-X | USP9X | 0.2423 | .0467 | Protein metabolism |
| P11142 | Heat shock cognate 71-kilodalton protein | HSPA8 | 0.253 | .0051 | Protein folding/transport |
| P55060 | Exportin-2 | CSE1L | 0.2541 | .0385 | Protein folding/transport |
| O75146 | Huntingtin-interacting protein 1–related protein | HIP1R | 0.259 | .0285 | Cytoskeleton |
| O96008 | Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM40 homolog | TOMM40 | 0.2593 | .0076 | Mitochondria/redox |
| P15531 | Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A | NME1 | 0.271 | .0213 | Kinase |
| P46734 | Dual-specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 | MAP2K3 | 0.2752 | .0373 | Kinase |
| P28070 | Proteasome subunit β type-4 | PSMB4 | 0.2764 | .0158 | Protein Metabolism |
| O75381 | Peroxisomal membrane protein PEX14 | PEX14 | 0.2803 | .0238 | Protein folding/transport |
| Q9NUQ8 | ATP-binding cassette subfamily F member 3 | ABCF3 | 0.2846 | .0347 | Cell–cell adhesion |
| Q9Y697 | Cysteine desulfurase; mitochondrial | NFS1 | 0.2919 | .0167 | Protein metabolism |
| Q02790 | Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP4 | FKBP4 | 0.2953 | .0477 | Protein folding/transport |
| Q15020 | Squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cell 3 | SART3 | 0.3007 | .0457 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| Q01813 | ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase; platelet type | PFKP | 0.3087 | .0367 | Carbohydrate metabolism |
| Q5H9R7 | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 6 regulatory subunit 3 | PPP6R3 | 0.3154 | .0231 | Protein metabolism |
| O95433 | Activator of 90-kilodalton heat shock protein ATPase homolog 1 | AHSA1 | 0.3177 | .0091 | Protein folding/transport |
| O00231 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 | PSMD11 | 0.3221 | .0158 | Protein metabolism |
| P31689 | DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 1 | DNAJA1 | 0.3234 | .0479 | Protein folding/transport |
| O75915 | PRA1 family protein 3 | ARL6IP5 | 0.3236 | .0439 | Cytoskeleton |
| Q9ULA0 | Aspartyl aminopeptidase | DNPEP | 0.3283 | .0271 | Protein metabolism |
| Q99757 | Thioredoxin; mitochondrial | TXN2 | 0.3371 | .0343 | Mitochondria/redox |
| Q9NTX5 | Ethylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase | ECHDC1 | 0.341 | .0450 | Lipid metabolism |
| Q96GK7 | Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain-containing protein 2A | FAHD2A | 0.35 | .0195 | Other (potential hydrolase) |
| Q9Y3D9 | 28S ribosomal protein S23; mitochondrial | MRPS23 | 0.3593 | .0114 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| P23526 | Adenosylhomocysteinase | AHCY | 0.3976 | .0216 | Other (regulation of methylation) |
| P18827 | Syndecan-1 | SDC1 | 0.4174 | .0314 | Other (cell migration) |
| P08621 | U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 70 kilodaltons | SNRNP70 | 0.4216 | .0144 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| P28838 | Cytosol aminopeptidase | LAP3 | 0.4431 | .0436 | Protein metabolism |
| Q9NR19 | Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase; cytoplasmic | ACSS2 | 0.4512 | .0470 | Lipid metabolism |
| Q8N5G0 | Small integral membrane protein 20 | SMIM20 | 0.4532 | .0296 | Mitochondria/redox |
| P49247 | Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase | RPIA | 0.4698 | .0326 | Carbohydrate metabolism |
| Q9Y333 | U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm2 | LSM2 | 0.4741 | .0355 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| Q9H490 | Phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class U protein | PIGU | 0.4799 | .0487 | Lipid metabolism |
| O75382 | Tripartite motif-containing protein 3 | TRIM3 | 0.485 | .0174 | Immune response |
| Q15125 | 3-β-hydroxysteroid-Δ(8); Δ(7)-isomerase | EBP | 0.4859 | .0413 | Lipid metabolism |
| Q16881 | Thioredoxin reductase 1; cytoplasmic | TXNRD1 | 0.4905 | .0148 | Mitochondria/redox |
| P07108 | Acyl-CoA binding protein | DBI | 0.4917 | .0382 | Lipid metabolism |
| P48637 | Glutathione synthetase | GSS | 0.4944 | .0440 | Other (glutathione synthesis) |
| O76003 | Glutaredoxin-3 | GLRX3 | 0.4953 | .0403 | Mitochondria/redox |
| Q12882 | Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP(+)] | DPYD | 0.5076 | .0165 | Mitochondria/redox |
| Q9NWU5 | 39S ribosomal protein L22; mitochondrial | MRPL22 | 0.526 | .0101 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| Q9NVS9 | Pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase | PNPO | 0.5395 | .0337 | Mitochondria/redox |
| Q9UHY7 | Enolase-phosphatase E1 | ENOPH1 | 0.5544 | .0307 | Protein metabolism |
| P16930 | Fumarylacetoacetase | FAH | 0.5694 | .0236 | Protein metabolism |
| P48506 | Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit | GCLC | 0.5745 | .0241 | Mitochondria/redox |
| Q8N983 | 39S ribosomal protein L43; mitochondrial | MRPL43 | 0.5932 | .0266 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| Q9UBM7 | 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase | DHCR7 | 0.6045 | .0283 | Lipid metabolism |
| P48147 | Prolyl endopeptidase | PREP | 0.6099 | .0244 | Protein metabolism |
| P82673 | 28S ribosomal protein S35; mitochondrial | MRPS35 | 0.6118 | .0363 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| Q8WVX9 | Fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 | FAR1 | 0.6231 | .0223 | Lipid metabolism |
| Q9Y679 | Ancient ubiquitous protein 1 | AUP1 | 0.6292 | .0093 | Protein metabolism |
| P37840 | α-synuclein | SNCA | 0.6332 | .0063 | Mitochondria/redox |
| Q9BRF8 | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase CPPED1 | CPPED1 | 0.6702 | .0313 | Protein metabolism |
| Q6UX53 | Methyltransferase-like protein 7B | METTL7B | 0.7067 | .0210 | Other (probable methyltransferase) |
| P02792 | Ferritin light chain | FTL | 0.8169 | .0124 | Ion transport |
| P02794 | Ferritin heavy chain | FTH1 | 0.8959 | .0144 | Mitochondria/redox |
| Q9BVL4 | Selenoprotein Ob | SELENOO | 5.0987 | .0002 | Mitochondria/redox |
| Q9HB07 | UPF0160 protein MYG1; mitochondrialb | C12orf10 | 5.9843 | 5.8E-16 | Mitochondria/redox |
| P22090 | 40S ribosomal protein S4b | RPS4Y1 | 6.7537 | .0018 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| Q9P003 | Protein cornichon homolog 4b | CNIH4 | 7.1618 | 1.74E-15 | Protein folding/transport |
| O60938 | Keratocanb | KERA | 7.4582 | .0050 | Other (keratan sulfate metabolism/cornea development) |
| Q9C0D9 | Ethanolaminephosphotransferase 1b | SELENOI | 7.4638 | .0005 | Lipid metabolism |
| Q96HV5 | Transmembrane protein 41Ab | TMEM41A | 7.5997 | .0023 | Other (transmembrane protein) |
| P62306 | Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Fb | SNRPF | 7.7847 | 3.21E-17 | Transcription/RNA processing/translation |
| Q8NDA2 | Hemicentin-2b | HMCN2 | 11.5204 | 3.81E-16 | Immune response |
NOTE. Proteins identified in at least 3 samples in both groups, or at least 3 samples in 1 group and 0 samples in the other group, were compared. Proteins present at significantly different levels within the 2 treatment groups (P < .05, t test) are shown. Average fold change of proteins in response to glucose relative to water consumption are presented. Numbers in the “Fold change” column represent how much higher (or lower if negative) the protein levels were in the glucose group compared with the water group. Proteins are listed in descending order according to relative fold change, with negative fold change values indicating relative down-regulation by glucose (listed at the top of the table) followed by those up-regulated by glucose indicated by a positive fold change (with greatest positive fold change listed at the bottom of table).
ADP, adenosine diphosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; ERAD, endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation; NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; redox, reduction-oxidation; tRNA, transfer ribonucleic acid.
a
Only identified in response to water.
b
Only identified in response to glucose.