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Diagnostic strategy for MMP. The diagnosis of MMP is confirmed by clinical features and positive DIF results. In DIF-negative or DIF-unavailable cases, at least one serological or histological finding is needed. DIF, direct immunofluorescence; IIF, indirect immunofluorescence; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin staining.
