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. 2019 Jan 21;9:3174. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03174

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Copyright © 2019 Ziegler, Neumann, Liu, Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Cremer, Saloga, Reinmuth-Selzle, Pöschl, Schuppan, Bellinghausen and Lucas.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Graphical Abstract — Amylase Trypsin Inhibitors (ATI) can be found in all gluten containing grains and are capable to mediate innate immunity by direct TLR4 stimulation. As protein nitration can occur during inflammatory processes in the body and under environmental conditions, ATI were nitrated and tested in vitro. The nitrated ATI induced increased innate and adaptive immune reactions.