TABLE 1.
Child and home characteristics among 3100 adolescents when the first dietary assessment was collected in the Children's Health Study1
| Mean ± SD or n(%)2 | |
|---|---|
| Age, y | 15.0 ± 1.9 |
| Female sex | 1671 (53.9) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 1740 (56.1) |
| Hispanic white | 883 (28.5) |
| Others | 477 (15.4) |
| Parental education | |
| Less than or completed grade 12 (high school) | 932 (30.1) |
| Some college or technical school | 1340 (43.2) |
| Completed 4 y of college or higher | 708 (22.8) |
| Household annual income | |
| <$15,000 | 387 (12.5) |
| $15,000–$49,999 | 1123 (36.2) |
| ≥$50,000 | 1117 (36.0) |
| Number of team sports participated in the previous year3 | |
| 0 | 1273 (41.1) |
| 1 | 987 (31.8) |
| >1 | 743 (24.0) |
| Health insurance | |
| No | 443 (14.3) |
| Yes | 2575 (83.1) |
| BMI categories4 | |
| Normal weight | 2135 (70.7) |
| Overweight | 489 (16.2) |
| Obesity | 396 (13.1) |
| Maternal smoke exposure in utero | |
| No | 2534 (81.7) |
| Yes | 458 (14.8) |
| Lifetime cigarette smoke | |
| No (<100 cigarettes during lifetime) | 2842 (94.2) |
| Yes (≥100 cigarettes during lifetime) | 176 (5.8) |
| Second-hand cigarette smoke exposure | |
| No | 2063 (67.2) |
| Yes | 1007 (32.8) |
| Indoor use of a gas stove for cooking | |
| No | 687 (22.2) |
| Yes | 2326 (75.0) |
| Dietary intake during the prior year | |
| Total calorie intake,5 kcal/d | 1790 ± 757 |
| Total carbohydrate, % | 55.8 ± 6.3 |
| Protein, % | 14.1 ± 2.5 |
| Total fat, % | 31.2 ± 5.1 |
| Saturated fat, % | 11.2 ± 2.4 |
| Monounsaturated fat, % | 11.6 ± 2.0 |
| Polyunsaturated fat, % | 5.9 ± 1.4 |
| trans Fat, % | 2.1 ± 0.6 |
Children in the Children's Health Study (as described in Methods) were enrolled in 3 waves (cohorts B, C, and D) of recruitment starting in the year 1993 and were followed up from a mean age of 6.6 to 15.2 y.
Continuous data are presented as means ± SDs. All the other categorical variables are presented as the number of children in each category and the percentage each category constitutes of the entire cohort, i.e., n (%). The total numbers of subjects may differ due to missing values of different categorical variables.
Team sports include baseball/softball, basketball, football, soccer, swimming, tennis, volleyball, and other self-reported sports team.
Overweight and obese children were defined as children having a BMI ≥85th percentile and ≥95th percentile, respectively, compared with the applicable sex-specific CDC growth curve (34).
Total daily calorie intake was log-transformed in the analysis. Therefore, the geometric mean and SD calculated using the delta method are presented for daily calorie intake.