. 2019 Feb 1;14(2):e0211747. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211747

Table 7. Amino acid composition (mg/100 mg fresh weight) of mealworm powder (M), wheat flour (W) and breads (B) produced with wheat flour or different blend of wheat flour and mealworm powder admixed with baker’s yeast and sourdough (S) as leaving agents.

Amino acids (mg/100 mg)	Samples
Amino acids (mg/100 mg)	MP	WF	WB	MB₅	MB₁₀	WBS	MBS₅	MBS₁₀
Essential
His	1.23 ± 0.19	0.23 ± 0.03^a	0.18 ± 0.02^a	0.25 ± 0.02^a	0.20 ± 0.05^a	0.17 ± 0.02^a	0.21 ± 0.01^a	0.23 ± 0.01^a
Thr	3.81 ± 0.45	0.67 ± 0.12^bc	0.60 ± 0.08^bc	0.70 ± 0.01^abc	0.82 ± 0.05^ab	0.57 ± 0.03^c	0.71 ± 0.09^abc	0.94 ± 0.06^a
Tyr	2.58 ± 0.35	0.25 ± 0.04^b	0.25 ± 0.01^b	0.31 ± 0.02^b	0.40 ± 0.05^a	0.25 ± 0.01^b	0.30 ± 0.00^b	0.44 ± 0.03^a
Val	0.43 ± 0.22	0.12 ± 0.01^a	0.12 ± 0.01^a	0.11 ± 0.01^a	0.15 ± 0.04^a	0.10 ± 0.01^a	0.12 ± 0.02^a	0.16 ± 0.04^a
Met	3.20 ± 0.66	0.51 ± 0.07^bc	0.49 ± 0.02^c	0.57 ± 0.02^bc	0.74 ± 0.04^a	0.49 ± 0.02^c	0.60 ± 0.03^b	0.83 ± 0.01^a
Phe	1.43 ± 0.20	0.53 ± 0.07^b	0.47 ± 0.01^b	0.52 ± 0.02^b	0.57 ± 0.07^ab	0.47 ± 0.02^b	0.53 ± 0.01^b	0.66 ± 0.01^a
Iso	1.73 ± 0.25	0.35 ± 0.05^c	0.32 ± 0.01^c	0.38 ± 0.01^bc	0.46 ± 0.05^ab	0.32 ± 0.02^c	0.38 ± 0.00^bc	0.52 ± 0.01^a
Leu	2.99 ± 0.50	0.75 ± 0.08^c	0.68 ± 0.02^c	0.79 ± 0.03^bc	0.92 ± 0.08^ab	0.67 ± 0.03^c	0.80 ± 0.01^bc	1.05 ± 0.02^a
Lys	2.21 ± 0.22	0.20 ± 0.09^a	0.13 ± 0.03^a	0.21 ± 0.02^a	0.21 ± 0.03^a	0.14 ± 0.04^a	0.25 ± 0.09^a	0.27 ± 0.05^a
Trp	0.44 ± 0.00	0.21 ± 0.01^a	0.07 ± 0.03^c	0.11 ± 0.03^bc	0.14 ± 0.02^ab	0.10 ± 0.02^bc	0.11 ± 0.01^bc	0.13 ± 0.01^abc
Total EAA	20.05 ± 3.05	3.83 ± 0.56^bc	3.31 ± 0.12^c	3.97 ± 0.13^bc	4.61 ± 0.45^ab	3.28 ± 0.15^c	4.02 ± 0.20^bc	5.24 ± 0.02^a
Non essential
Asp + Asn	3.12 ± 0.45	0.43 ± 0.05^bcd	0.40 ± 0.02^d	0.52 ± 0.01^b	0.71 ± 0.07^a	0.41 ± 0.03^cd	0.52 ± 0.00^bc	0.80 ± 0.01^a
Glu + Gln	4.22 ± 0.61	3.75 ± 0.42^ab	3.38 ± 0.06^b	3.41 ± 0.18^b	3.68 ± 0.24^ab	3.32 ± 0.19^b	3.50 ± 0.16^bc	4.29 ± 0.11^a
Ser	1.79 ± 0.23	0.38 ± 0.05^b	0.39 ± 0.02^b	0.40 ± 0.04^b	0.45 ± 0.04^ab	0.38 ± 0.04^b	0.40 ± 0.03^b	0.58 ± 0.02^a
Gly	1.28 ± 0.30	0.18 ± 0.01^c	0.17 ± 0.01^c	0.19 ± 0.00^c	0.24 ± 0.01^b	0.17 ± 0.01^c	0.18 ± 0.01^c	0.27 ± 0.01^a
Arg	2.22 ± 0.36	0.37 ± 0.04^bc	0.33 ± 0.02^c	0.41 ± 0.02^b	0.52 ± 0.02^a	0.33 ± 0.01^c	0.41 ± 0.02^b	0.56 ± 0.00^a
Ala	3.09 ± 0.55	0.32 ± 0.04^bc	0.31 ± 0.02^bc	0.40 ± 0.00^b	0.52 ± 0.06^a	0.30 ± 0.01^c	0.40 ± 0.00^b	0.60 ± 0.03^a
Pro	3.50 ± 0.58	1.11 ± 0.02^bc	1.20 ± 0.16^abc	1.15 ± 0.03^abc	1.55 ± 0.27^ab	1.06 ± 0.12^c	1.10 ± 0.00^bc	1.61 ± 0.11^a
Total NEAA	19.21 ± 3.09	6.53 ± 0.63^bc	6.17 ± 0.24^c	6.49 ± 0.28^bc	7.66 ± 0.71^ab	5.98 ± 0.28^c	6.52 ± 0.13^bc	8.71 ± 0.02^a
Total AA	39.27 ± 6.13	10.37 ± 1.19^bc	9.48 ± 0.33^c	10.45 ± 0.41^bc	12.28 ± 1.16^ab	9.25 ± 0.39^c	10.54 ± 0.33^bc	13.95 ± 0.00^a

Means ± standard deviations of triplicate independent experiments are shown.

Values in the same row with different letters (a, b, c, d) as superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05).