Fig. 4.

Chain profile for A) traders that are part of the Dairy Traders Association (DTA Traders) and (B) for traders not belonging to the Dairy Traders Association (Non-DTA trader). In the left figure, the percentages indicate the quantity of milk traded by DTA traders and mobile small-scale retailers.Government officials approximated to 30,000 the number of milk traders operating in the country, which then they broadly were categorized into DTA and non-DTA traders. DTA traders form about 20% of the traders in the country and comprise 30% of farmers-traders, 60% of traders-only and 10% trader-transporters. To register with DTA, traders were required to pay registration fee and an annual retention fee. Additionally, though not completely mandatory, traders were required to undergo training by specific KDB accredited business development service providers on milk handling, hygiene, bookkeeping, business ethics and value addition ($20 per course). Once trained, the traders obtained an identification card bearing the DTA and Kenya Dairy Board logos as an identification of legalized traders and hence shielding them from arrests by KDB for illegal milk trading. According to the officials, DTA traders were perceived to provide better quality milk than non-DTA traders. However, the officials estimated that only 45% of their members had gone through the training because traders did not find much benefit in paying for the training since it was still possible to run milk business without it.