Table 6. Multilevel regression results for loneliness (unweighted N = 47,818).
| Measures | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted odds ratios (99% CI) | Adjusted odds ratios (99% CI) | |||||
| Total sample | Women | Men | Total sample | Women | Men | |
| 45–54 years vs. 75–85 | 1.64 (1.42,1.89) | 1.47 (1.21,1.78) | 1.75 (1.41,2.16) | 1.63 (1.42,1.88) | 1.46 (1.21,1.78) | 1.75 (1.41,2.16) |
| 55–64 years vs. 75–85 | 1.56 (1.38,1.76) | 1.47 (1.25,1.73) | 1.60 (1.32,1.93) | 1.56 (1.38,1.76) | 1.47 (1.24,1.73) | 1.60 (1.32,1.93) |
| 65–74 years vs. 75–85 | 1.12 (0.99,1.27) | 1.11 (0.95,1.30) | 1.11 (0.91,1.34) | 1.12 (0.99,1.26) | 1.11 (0.94,1.30) | 1.11 (0.91,1.34) |
| Men vs. women | 1.13 (1.04,1.22) | - | - | 1.12 (1.03,1.22) | - | - |
| Never married/never lived with a partner vs. married | 1.80 (1.54,2.12) | 1.41 (1.14,1.75) | 2.19 (1.72,2.80) | 1.79 (1.52,2.10) | 1.41 (1.13,1.75) | 2.16 (1.69,2.77) |
| Divorced vs. married | 1.84 (1.58,2.14) | 1.42 (1.17,1.72) | 2.53 (1.99,3.22) | 1.83 (1.58,2.13) | 1.41 (1.16,1.71) | 2.52 (1.99,3.21) |
| Separated vs. married | 2.31 (1.87,2.85) | 1.74 (1.30,2.33) | 2.97 (2.19,4.03) | 2.30 (1.87,2.84) | 1.73 (1.30,2.32) | 2.97 (2.19,4.03) |
| Widowed vs. married | 3.04 (2.61,3.54) | 2.26 (1.87,2.74) | 4.89 (3.81,6.27) | 3.04 (2.61,3.54) | 2.25 (1.86,2.73) | 4.89 (3.81,6.28) |
| Living alone vs. with somebody | 1.51 (1.33,1.71) | 1.37 (1.17,1.61) | 1.69 (1.38,2.06) | 1.51 (1.33,1.71) | 1.38 (1.17,1.62) | 1.68 (1.37,2.05) |
| Less than postsecondary education vs. postsecondary | 1.10 (1.01,1.19) | 1.12 (1.00,1.25) | 1.06 (0.93,1.20) | 1.10 (1.01,1.20) | 1.12 (1.00,1.25) | 1.06 (0.93,1.21) |
| $20,000 to < $50,000 vs. < $20,000 | 0.84 (0.73,0.96) | 0.90 (0.75,1.08) | 0.72 (0.57,0.90) | 0.84 (0.73,0.97) | 0.90 (0.75,1.08) | 0.72 (0.57,0.91) |
| $50,000 to < $100,000 vs. < $20,000 | 0.69 (0.59,0.80) | 0.71 (0.58,0.86) | 0.60 (0.48,0.77) | 0.69 (0.59,0.80) | 0.71 (0.58,0.86) | 0.61 (0.48,0.78) |
| $100,000 to < $150,000 vs. < $20,000 | 0.50 (0.41,0.61) | 0.50 (0.39,0.65) | 0.46 (0.35,0.61) | 0.50 (0.42,0.61) | 0.50 (0.39,0.65) | 0.47 (0.35,0.62) |
| > = $150,000 vs. < $20,000 | 0.47 (0.38,0.58) | 0.48 (0.36,0.65) | 0.43 (0.32,0.59) | 0.47 (0.38,0.59) | 0.48 (0.36,0.64) | 0.44 (0.32,0.60) |
| Missing response vs. < $20,000 | 0.82 (0.68,0.98) | 0.86 (0.68,1.08) | 0.67 (0.49,0.92) | 0.82 (0.68,0.99) | 0.86 (0.68,1.09) | 0.68 (0.50,0.93) |
| Mild, moderate, severe, total impairment vs. no impairment | 1.42 (1.26,1.60) | 1.37 (1.19,1.58) | 1.51 (1.22,1.86) | 1.42 (1.27,1.60) | 1.37 (1.19,1.58) | 1.51 (1.22,1.86) |
| Number of chronic conditions | 1.07 (1.05,1.09) | 1.07 (1.05,1.09) | 1.08 (1.05,1.11) | 1.07 (1.05,1.09) | 1.07 (1.05,1.09) | 1.08 (1.05,1.11) |
| Urban core vs. rural | 1.02 (0.90,1.15) | 1.05 (0.89,1.23) | 1.03 (0.86,1.23) | 1.02 (0.88,1.18) | 1.04 (0.86,1.27) | 1.02 (0.82,1.27) |
| Urban fringe vs. rural | 1.13 (0.82,1.56) | 1.06 (0.68,1.64) | 1.26 (0.78,2.02) | 1.14 (0.82,1.58) | 1.05 (0.67,1.63) | 1.28 (0.79,2.08) |
| Urban outside CMA and CA vs. rural | 0.98 (0.78,1.23) | 0.94 (0.69,1.27) | 1.09 (0.77,1.55) | 0.98 (0.78,1.24) | 0.94 (0.70,1.28) | 1.09 (0.77,1.56) |
| Not defined vs. rural | 0.97 (0.79,1.20) | 0.97 (0.73,1.28) | 0.99 (0.71,1.36) | 0.97 (0.79,1.20) | 0.97 (0.73,1.29) | 0.98 (0.71,1.36) |
| % Women | - | - | - | 0.99 (0.95,1.02) | 1.00 (0.95,1.04) | 0.99 (0.94,1.04) |
| % Age 65+ | - | - | - | 1.00 (0.99,1.01) | 1.00 (0.99,1.01) | 1.00 (0.99,1.02) |
| % Who speak non-official languagea | - | - | - | 1.00 (1.00,1.00) | 1.00 (0.99,1.00) | 1.00 (0.99,1.01) |
| % 65+ with low income | - | - | - | 1.01 (1.00,1.02) | 1.01 (0.99,1.02) | 1.01 (0.99,1.02) |
| % Living alone | - | - | - | 1.00 (0.99,1.00) | 1.00 (0.99,1.00) | 1.00 (0.99,1.01) |
Results are presented from multilevel logistic regressions conducted for the total sample and women and men, respectively. Model 1 included only individual-level variables. In Model 2, area-level (FSA-level) variables were added.
a Languages other than English and French.