Table 1.
Characteristics of the Population Overall and Past-year Prevalence and Predictors of Any Benzodiazepine Use
| NSDUH respondents overall (n=86,186) Weighted %a |
BZD use | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None (n=75,896) Weighted % |
Any (n=10,290) Weighted % |
Fb | df | p-value | AORc | 95% CI | ||
| Overall | 100.0 | 87.5 | 12.6 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||||
| Age | 18.2 | 3, 138 | <.001 | |||||
| 18-25 | 14.3 | 89.8 | 10.2 | ref | ||||
| 26-34 | 15.8 | 88.3 | 11.7 | 1.27*** | 1.18-1.36 | |||
| 35-49 | 24.9 | 87.6 | 12.4 | 1.65*** | 1.52-1.78 | |||
| 50-64 | 25.6 | 85.7 | 14.3 | 2.04*** | 1.86-2.22 | |||
| ≥65 | 19.4 | 87.1 | 12.9 | 2.28*** | 2.04-2.54 | |||
| Gender | 366.6 | 1, 50 | <.001 | |||||
| Male | 48.2 | 90.5 | 9.5 | ref | ||||
| Female | 51.8 | 84.6 | 15.4 | 1.84*** | 1.72-1.96 | |||
| Race/ethnicity | 221.3 | 3, 124 | <.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 64.6 | 84.6 | 15.4 | ref | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 11.8 | 92.8 | 7.2 | .45*** | .40-.50 | |||
| Hispanic | 15.7 | 92.3 | 7.7 | .59*** | .54-.66 | |||
| Other | 8.0 | 93.5 | 6.5 | .45*** | .38-.53 | |||
| Education | 23.4 | 2, 84 | <.001 | |||||
| <HS | 13.5 | 90.1 | 9.9 | ref | ||||
| HS grad, some college | 56.0 | 86.6 | 13.4 | 1.28*** | 1.12-1.46 | |||
| College grad or higher | 30.4 | 87.8 | 12.2 | 1.41*** | 1.18-1.69 | |||
| Household income | 5.2 | 3, 143 | .002 | |||||
| <$20,000 | 17.4 | 86.2 | 13.8 | ref | ||||
| $20,000-$49,999 | 30.0 | 87.3 | 12.7 | 1.05 | .96-1.15 | |||
| $50,000-$74,999 | 16.3 | 87.9 | 12.1 | 1.05 | .94-1.17 | |||
| ≥$75,000 | 36.3 | 88.0 | 12.0 | 1.12 | .99-1.27 | |||
| Medicaid | 63.6 | 1, 50 | <.001 | |||||
| No | 85.8 | 87.9 | 12.1 | ref | ||||
| Yes | 14.2 | 84.9 | 15.1 | 1.01 | .93-1.11 | |||
| Metropolitan | 12.0 | 2, 94 | <.001 | |||||
| Large | 55.2 | 88.2 | 11.8 | ref | ||||
| Small | 30.0 | 86.5 | 13.5 | 1.02 | .96-1.09 | |||
| Nonmetro | 14.8 | 86.9 | 13.1 | .96 | .87-1.05 | |||
| Past year general health characteristics | ||||||||
| Presence of MDE | 912.5 | 1, 50 | <.001 | n/a | ||||
| No | 93.3 | 89.1 | 10.9 | — | — | |||
| Yes | 6.7 | 66.4 | 33.6 | — | — | |||
| Suicidal ideation | 857.7 | 1, 50 | <.001 | n/a | ||||
| No | 96.0 | 88.3 | 11.7 | — | — | |||
| Yes | 4.0 | 68.6 | 31.4 | — | — | |||
| Presence of mental illness | 215.9 | 2, 98 | <.001 | |||||
| None | 81.9 | 90.9 | 9.1 | ref | ||||
| Mild | 9.2 | 78.5 | 21.5 | 1.93*** | 1.74-2.15 | |||
| Moderate | 4.8 | 70.7 | 29.3 | 2.47*** | 2.20-2.76 | |||
| Severe | 4.2 | 58.5 | 41.5 | 3.80*** | 3.40-4.26 | |||
| Health self-rating | 961.7 | 3, 142 | <.001 | |||||
| Excellent/Very good | 56.8 | 90.2 | 9.8 | ref | ||||
| Good | 29.2 | 86.4 | 13.6 | 1.26*** | 1.16-1.38 | |||
| Fair/Poor | 14.0 | 78.4 | 21.6 | 1.78*** | 1.59-2.00 | |||
| Past year substance use | ||||||||
| Tobacco | 302.1 | 1, 50 | <.001 | |||||
| None | 69.2 | 89.5 | 10.5 | ref | ||||
| Any use | 30.8 | 83.0 | 17.0 | 1.27*** | 1.16-1.38 | |||
| Alcohol | 151.9 | 2, 93 | <.001 | |||||
| None | 30.3 | 89.5 | 10.5 | ref | ||||
| Past year | 63.5 | 87.6 | 12.4 | 1.10* | 1.00-1.21 | |||
| Abuse/dependence | 6.2 | 75.9 | 24.1 | 1.53*** | 1.35-1.73 | |||
| Marijuana | 521.5 | 2, 96 | <.001 | |||||
| None | 86.1 | 89.2 | 10.8 | ref | ||||
| Past year | 12.5 | 77.3 | 22.7 | 1.81*** | 1.66-1.98 | |||
| Abuse/dependence | 1.4 | 69.7 | 30.3 | 1.97*** | 1.65-2.34 | |||
| Heroin | 292.1 | 2, 96 | <.001 | |||||
| None | 99.6 | 87.6 | 12.4 | ref | ||||
| Past year | .1 | 44.3 | 55.7 | 2.92** | 1.49-5.75 | |||
| Abuse/dependence | .2 | 35.8 | 64.2 | 2.65*** | 1.88-3.74 | |||
| Prescription opioid | 1094.0 | 3, 137 | <.001 | |||||
| None | 63.2 | 93.2 | 6.8 | ref | ||||
| Prescription use | 32.3 | 80.0 | 20.0 | 2.54*** | 2.39-2.71 | |||
| Misuse | 3.8 | 64.5 | 35.5 | 4.21*** | 3.66-4.85 | |||
| Abuse/dependence | .7 | 40.1 | 59.9 | 7.34*** | 5.51-9.76 | |||
| Prescription stimulant | 565.5 | 3, 133 | <.001 | |||||
| None | 93.3 | 88.9 | 11.1 | ref | ||||
| Prescription use | 4.6 | 70.2 | 29.8 | 2.11*** | 1.89-2.36 | |||
| Misuse | 1.9 | 62.6 | 37.4 | 2.71*** | 2.31-3.18 | |||
| Abuse/dependence | .2 | 45.7 | 54.3 | 2.21*** | 1.48-3.29 | |||
NSDUH: National Survey on Drug Use and Health; BZD: benzodiazepine; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; MDE: major depressive episode
This column presents row percentages that reflect characteristics of the U.S. adult population, as estimated by NSDUH (e.g., 14.3% of all adults were age 18-25). Other percentages in table reflect within-row characteristics (e.g., 10.2% of adults age 18-25 reported past-year benzodiazepine use; 89.8% did not). All estimates use NSDUH design elements to generate nationally-representative estimates.
To account for complex survey design, Stata converts the usual Pearson chi square into a F statistic with non-integer degrees of freedom, which have been rounded (https://www.stata.com/manuals13/svysvytabulatetwoway.pdf).
Model is adjusted for all respondent demographic, general health, and substance use characteristics presented as rows in the table. Presence of MDE and suicidal ideation are not included in the model as per NSDUH instructions (26), as those variables are used to generate the Presence of mental illness variable.
p≤.05,
p≤.01,
p≤.001