Table 1.

E-cigarette (EC) and combustible tobacco use by alcohol group (no alcohol vs. alcohol; moderate vs. binge drinkers).

	Total sample N = 631		No alcohol		Moderate drinkers		Binge drinkers		Omnibus test	Group differences; direction and follow-up test
	Total sample N = 631		N = 194 (30.7%)		N = 296 (46.9%)		N = 141 (22.3%)		χ² (p)	χ² (p)
	N	%			N	%	N	%	χ² (p)	χ² (p)
Sex (Female)	392	62.1%	123	63.4%	190	64.2%	79	56.0%	2.90 (0.235)
Age									11.57 (0.021)^*
18–21	398	63.1%	163	84.0%	224	75.7%	11	7.8%	5.19 (0.075)
21–30	92	14.6%	20	10.3%	59	19.9%	13	9.2%	8.01 (0.018)^*	NA < Alcohol 6.48 (0.011)^*
30+	26	4.1%	11	5.7%	13	4.4%	2	1.4%	3.84 (0.147)
Race/ethnic identity									13.43 (0.098)
Caucasian	447	70.8%	125	64.4%	219	74.0%	103	73.0%
African-American / Black	51	8.1%	15	7.7%	25	8.4%	11	7.8%
Asian-American	26	4.1%	13	6.7%	11	3.7%	2	1.4%
Hispanic/Latino	66	10.5%	23	11.9%	28	9.5%	15	10.6%
Multi-racial / Other	43	6.8%	18	9.3%	13	4.4%	12	8.5%
Smoking & EC use characteristics
Smoke Tobacco Cigarettes (yes/no)	45	7.1%	13	6.7%	15	5.1%	17	12.1%	7.12 (0.028)^*	Moderate < Binge 5.88 (0.015)^*
										Moderate < Binge 5.88 (0.015)^*
Quantity of Smoking									4.49 (0.106)
Less than half a pack per day	26	4.1%	5	2.6%	11	3.7%	10	7.1%
Half pack or more per day	18	2.9%	8	4.1%	3	1.0%	7	5.0%
Smokeless Tobacco	20	5.5%	2	1.0%	8	2.7%	10	7.1%	10.17 (0.006)^**	ns
Smoking status
Never smoker	542	85.9%	178	91.8%	258	87.2%	106	75.2%	19.26 (< 0.001)^***	NA > Alcohol 7.25 (0.007)^**
Never smoker	542	85.9%	178	91.8%	258	87.2%	106	75.2%	19.26 (< 0.001)^***	Moderate > Binge 9.01 (0.003)^**
Former Smoker	45	7.1%	3	1.5%	24	8.1%	18	12.8%	16.32 (< 0.001)^***	NA < Alcohol 12.00 (< 0.001)^***
Current Smoker	45	7.1%	13	6.7%	15	5.1%	17	12.1%	7.12 (0.028)^*	Moderate < Binge 5.88 (0.015)^*
E-cigarette use
Ever Tried E-cigarettes	137	21.7%	21	10.8%	63	21.3%	53	37.6%	34.47 (< 0.001)^***	NA < Alcohol 18.62 (< 0.001)^***
Ever Tried E-cigarettes	137	21.7%	21	10.8%	63	21.3%	53	37.6%	34.47 (< 0.001)^***	Moderate < Binge 12.20 (< 0.001)^***
Current E-cigarette Use (30 days)	53	8.4%	9	4.6%	25	8.4%	19	13.5%	8.29 (0.016)^*	NA < Alcohol 4.47 (0.035)^*
Former EC Use (Tried, not current)	87	13.8%	13	6.7	39	13.2%	35	24.8%	22.73 (< 0.001)^***	NA < Alcohol 10.99 (< 0.001)^***
Former EC Use (Tried, not current)	87	13.8%	13	6.7	39	13.2%	35	24.8%	22.73 (< 0.001)^***	Moderate < Binge 8.40 (0.004)^**
Current Non-nicotine user (no EC or tobacco cigarettes)	551	87.3%	175	90.2%	264	89.2%	112	79.4%	10.32 (0.006)^**	Moderate > Binge 6.78 (0.009)^**
Current EC only user (no combustible tobacco)	35	5.5%	6	3.1%	17	5.7%	12	8.5%	4.62 (0.099)
Current dual use (EC and cigarettes)	18	2.9%	3	1.5%	8	2.7%	7	5.0%	3.79 (0.175)
Try EC in the next 3 months? (Yes)	17	2.7%	1	0.5%	8	2.7%	8	5.7%	9.32 (0.009)^**	NA < Alcohol 4.33 (0.037)^*
Select all reasons why you use or may use EC
Vapor is less harmful to others	186	29.5%	45	23.2%	81	27.4%	60	42.6%	15.92 (< 0.001)^***	NA < Alcohol 4.89 (0.027)^*
Vapor is less harmful to others	186	29.5%	45	23.2%	81	27.4%	60	42.6%	15.92 (< 0.001)^***	Moderate < Binge 9.40 (0.002)^**
Save money	119	18.9%	30	15.5%	49	16.6%	40	28.4%	10.82 (0.004)^**	Moderate < Binge 7.51 (0.006)^**
EC are better for my health	107	17.0%	25	12.9%	51	17.2%	31	22.0%	4.83 (0.089)
Can use EC in non-smoking areas	95	15.1%	17	8.8%	44	14.9%	34	24.1%	15.06 (< 0.001)^***	NA < Alcohol 7.98 (0.004)^**
Can use EC in non-smoking areas	95	15.1%	17	8.8%	44	14.9%	34	24.1%	15.06 (< 0.001)^***	Moderate < Binge 4.96 (0.026)^*
Less judgment by others	96	15.2%	22	11.3%	47	15.9%	27	19.1%	4.05 (0.132)
EC taste better/flavor variety	94	14.9%	14	7.2%	47	15.9%	33	23.4%	3.13 (0.077)
EC reduce other tobacco product use	57	9.0%	13	6.7%	29	9.8%	15	10.6%	1.94 (0.380)
Friends/family prefer EC	49	7.8%	15	7.7%	15	5.1%	19	13.5%	9.43 (0.009)^**	Moderate < Binge 8.27 (0.004)^**
EC reduce the amount I smoke	44	7.0%	7	3.6%	22	7.4%	15	10.6%	6.40 (0.041)^*	NA < Alcohol 4.17 (0.041)^*
EC allowed me to quit smoking	29	4.6%	7	3.6%	16	5.4%	6	4.3%	0.91 (0.634)
Should EC be regulated like cigarettes and other tobacco products? (Yes)	407	64.5%	130	67.0%	189	63.9%	88	62.4%	0.86 (0.651)
Do you think ECs are as addictive as tobacco cigarettes? (Yes)	352	55.8%	116	59.8%	167	56.4%	69	48.9%	3.99 (0.136)

Note regarding missing data: Percentages reflect the N in each column as a percentage of column/category total N (including non-responses to that item, rather than of the total number of responses on that particular item).

Note regarding multiple comparisons: Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was used to control the false discovery rate associated with multiple comparisons.

Bold text signifies the category of survey responses, indented beneath bold text.

Significant at p < .05 level.

^**

Significant at p < .01 level.

^***

Significant at p < .001 level.