Table 2.
Summary of GEE and Mixed Model Analyses of Flavor Attributes as a Function of Flavor, Nicotine, and Baseline Characteristics.
| Effect tested | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Flavor attribute |
Flavor (df=4) |
Nicotin e (df=1) |
Flavor X Nicotine (df=4) |
Age (df=1) |
Sex (df=1) |
Race (df=2) |
Menthol Smoker (df= 1) |
FTCD (df=1) |
| GEE Analyses1 | ||||||||
| Bitter-Sour (ddf=1319) |
10.08* | 2.36 | 0.87 | 1.53 | 7.23** | 0.97 | 1.57 | 0.14 |
| Irritation (ddf=1319) |
2.76 | 4.56* | 2.90 | 0.82 | 0.07 | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.23 |
| Mixed Model Analyses2 | ||||||||
| Sweet3 (ddf=1178) |
65.33*** | 4.27* | 0.50 | 2.09 | 3.26 | 3.07* | 0.17 | 0.72 |
| Liking (ddf=1151) |
3.76** | 2.26 | 0.51 | 0.68 | 1.32 | 5.31** | 0.03 | 1.40 |
Note: FTCD= Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence df = numerator degrees of freedom; ddf = denominator degrees of freedom
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
***
p < 0.001
1
Bitter-Sour and Irritation were not normally distributed and were categorized as 0 (none) vs. 1 (any). For Bitter-Sour and Irritation, GEE analyses were conducted. Values shown are Wald χ2.
2
For Sweet and Liking, mixed model analyses were conducted. Values shown are F values.
3
Sweet was square-root transformed.