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. 2019 Feb 1;10:538. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08502-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Relationships between populations mean trait values at the end of all simulations. a Mean age of individuals—a measure of lifespan—measured at the end of the simulation (t_max); long lifespan is only found at high plasticity levels. b Mean evolved reproductive effort (gene value) covaries negatively with plasticity, measured as updating effort, u. c Mean population-wide mismatch against mean age of individuals measured at t_max. d The regression slope between individual mismatch and individual age, measured at t_max, with positive values indicating that older individuals are more mismatched to the current environment. Frequent enough plasticity can prevent this type of senescence. Symbol shapes indicate sampling error (ɛ); colour (from dark blue to yellow) indicates increasing environmental autocorrelation (p)