Scheme of strategy for an mRNA sensor based on NGO and PNA, and emission spectra and fluorescence images obtained for multiplexed mRNA sensing in vitro. (a) The fluorescence signal gets recovered when the fluorescent dye-labeled probes initially adsorbed onto the surface of NGO detach from NGO and hybridize with a target mRNA. (b) Three PNA probes: PNA21, PNA125b and PNA96 were designed for three different mRNA detections and prepared as conjugated with three different fluorescent dyes: FAM, ROX and Cy5. Reproduced from [117], with permission from American Chemical Society, 2013.