Table 1.

Summary of innovative electrochemical biosensors for cancer biomarkers detection.

Material	Target biomarker	Detection limit	Ref.
CdS nanocrystals/graphene oxide-AuNPs	p53	4 fg/ml	[86]
AgNPs in PANI and N-doped graphene	miRNA-21	0.2 fM	[87]
3D porous network graphene aerogel	CA 153	0.03 mU/mL	[88]
ss-DNA amino-functionalized GQD	mRNA-25	95.0 pM	[89]
AuPtPd/rGO	H2O2	2 nM	[90]
rGO/ordered mesoporous carbon/Ni-oxytetracycline metallopolymer NPs	EGFR exon21 L858R point mutation	120 nM	[91]
AFP aptamer GO	AFP	3 pg/mL	[92]
CysA/Au NSs/GQDs	CA 153	0.11 U/mL	[93]
GO-COOH	cytokeratin 19	1 fg/mL	[94]
Cubic CeO2/RGO	Cyfra-21-1	0.625 pg/mL	[95]
Anti-CEA/PBSE/Graphene/Cu	CEA	0.23 ng/mL	[96]
Ab1/P5FIn/erGO, Ab2/GQDs@AuNP	CEA	3.78 fg/mL	[97]
GS-PS67-b-PAA27-Au	PSA	40 fg/mL	[98]
Hemin-GS/PdNPs	PSA	8 pg/mL	[99]
Pd@Au@Pt/COOH-rGO	PSACEA	8 pg/mL 2 pg/mL	[100]
MWCNTs-COOH/rGO	CA 125	0.5 nU/mL	[101]
ss-DNA/3D GF/Ag NPs	CYFRA21-1	10 fM	[60]
anti-CYFRA21-1/3D graphene@Au NPs	CYFRA 21-1	100 pg/mL	[102]
CuS/rGO	CA 153	0.3 U/mL	[103]
ERBB2c, CD24c modified Au NPs/GO	HER2	0.16 nM, 0.23 nM	[104]
Au/ZnO/RGO	AFP	0.01 pg/mL	[105]
anti-PSA/Au NPs/GO	PSA	0.24 fg/mL	[106]
Au–S-GS	CEA NMP22	25 fg/mL 30 fg/mL	[68]
Fc-GNs/aptamer/BSA/DNA/Au-CdS flower-like 3D assemblies	PSA	0.38 pg/mL	[107]
rGO/Fe3O4@GO	PSA PS membrane antigen	15 fg/mL 4.8 fg/mL	[108]
graphene coated SPR chip	FAP	5 fM	[109]
sulfur-doped rGO	8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine	1 nM	[110]
FAD/Th/rGO-PAMAM/Aunano	CYC VEGF165	63.9 pM 38.4 pM	[111]
TB-Au-Fe3O4-rGO	AFP	2.7 fg/mL	[112]
rGO–metal nanocomposites	ErbB2	<1 fM	[113]
Anti-CEA/PDA-rGO	CEA	0.23 pg/mL	[114]