Table 2.
Summary of innovative optical biosensors for cancer biomarkers detection.
| Probe | Target biomarker | Detection limit | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aptamer-GO probe | C-myc/TK1/actin | 0.26 nM | [121] |
| Ag NPs/GO | PSA | 0.23 pg/mL | [122] |
| DNA aptamer GO | Exosome | 21000 particles/μl | [123] |
| PT-DNA/GO | folate receptor | 0.44 pM | [124] |
| boron-doped GQD | alkaline phosphatase | 10±5 cells/mL | [125] |
| ssDNA/GQD | CYFRA21-1 | 0.3 μU/mL | [126] |
| Hemin-GS | Telomerase | 60 cells/mL | [127] |
| DNA-GO nanocomposites | Flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 | 0.38 pM | [128] |
| DNA/GO | epidermal growth factor receptor | 390 pg | [129] |
| DNA/GO | hCG | 20 mIU/mL | [130] |
| GQD@MnO2 | glutathione | 83 nM | [131] |
| telomerase/miR-21 oligonucleotides/GO | Telomerase/mRNA 21 | 10 pM/10 HeLa cells | [132] |
| GO/MnO2/fluorescein | glutathione | 1.53 μM | [133] |
| DNA/GO | CEA | 28.5 fg/mL | [134] |
| DNA/GO | telomerase | 2.7 cells | [135] |
| DNA/GO | telomerase | 30 cells | [136] |
| PT-Man@GO, PT-Gal@GO | lectin | 7.9 nM | [137] |