Schematics of different strategies for remodelling AML in mice. (A) Spontaneous AML development upon exposure to carcinogens like chemicals (e.g., 3-methylcholantrene; 3M-C), biologicals (e.g., murine leukaemia virus, MuLV) or radiation (X-rays). (B) Conventional transgenic approach: Transgenic (Tg) mouse lines are generated by DNA insertion into the genome, either randomly by pronuclear microinjections (MI) into fertilized Oocytes, or targeted by electroporation (EP) and homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells (ESC). (C) Adaptive transfer method of in vitro modified murine HSPC cells using either retroviral transduction (RV) or genome editing (GE) techniques followed by tail intravenous (IV) transplantation in irradiated (IR) recipients. (D) Xenotransplantation of either leukemic blasts or in vitro modified HSPC into immuno-compromised mice intravenously (IV) injected into irradiated (IR) recipients.