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. 2019 Jan 13;20(2):297. doi: 10.3390/ijms20020297

Table 1.

Epigenetically modulated protein-coding genes implicated in Bladder Cancer EMT.

Gene Expression in BlCa Effect on EMT Epigenetic Regulation Sample Type and Size Author
MAEL Upregulated ↑EMT
(↓ECAD, ↓β-catenin, ↑Fibronectin, ↑VIM)
Recruitment of DNMT3B and HDAC1/2 to MTSS1 promoter)
Downregulated by miR186 184 primary tumors, in vitro and in vivo assays Li, X.D., 2016
[47]
GDF15 Downregulated ↓EMT
(knockdown cells with ↓ECAD, ↑NCAD, ↑Snail, ↑Slug)
Upregulated by demethylation In vivo assays Tsui, K.H. and Hsu, S.Y., 2015
[48]
KLF4 Downregulated ↓EMT
(↑ECAD, ↓NCAD, ↓ β-catenin, ↓VIM, ↓Snail, ↓Slug)
Promoter methylation;
Upregulated by 5AZA treatment
139 non-muscle invasive primary tumors, in vitro and in vivo assays Li, H. and Wang, J., 2013
[49]
↓EMT
(Upregulation)
Promoter methylation confirmed by BSP In vitro assays Xu, X., 2017
[50]
PRSS8 Downregulated ↓EMT
(↑ECAD in cells with forced PRSS8 expression)
Promoter methylation.
Upregulated by 5AZA and TSA treatment
40 primary tumors and in vivo assays Chen, L.M., 2009
[43]
ELF5 Downregulated ↓EMT
(↑ECAD, ↓NCAD, ↓VIM, ↓Snail, ↓ZEB1)
Promoter methylation.
Upregulated by 5AZA treatment
182 FFPE + 50 FF primary tumors and in vivo assays Wu, B., 2015
[46]

Abbreviations: 5AZA—5-Azacytidine. BlCa—bladder cancer. BSP—Bisulfite sequencing. EMT—epithelial to mesenchymal transition. FF—Fresh-frozen. FFPE—Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded. miR—microRNA. TSA—Trichostatin A.