Table 1.
Epigenetically modulated protein-coding genes implicated in Bladder Cancer EMT.
| Gene | Expression in BlCa | Effect on EMT | Epigenetic Regulation | Sample Type and Size | Author |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MAEL | Upregulated | ↑EMT (↓ECAD, ↓β-catenin, ↑Fibronectin, ↑VIM) Recruitment of DNMT3B and HDAC1/2 to MTSS1 promoter) |
Downregulated by miR186 | 184 primary tumors, in vitro and in vivo assays | Li, X.D., 2016 [47] |
| GDF15 | Downregulated | ↓EMT (knockdown cells with ↓ECAD, ↑NCAD, ↑Snail, ↑Slug) |
Upregulated by demethylation | In vivo assays | Tsui, K.H. and Hsu, S.Y., 2015 [48] |
| KLF4 | Downregulated | ↓EMT (↑ECAD, ↓NCAD, ↓ β-catenin, ↓VIM, ↓Snail, ↓Slug) |
Promoter methylation; Upregulated by 5AZA treatment |
139 non-muscle invasive primary tumors, in vitro and in vivo assays | Li, H. and Wang, J., 2013 [49] |
| ↓EMT (Upregulation) |
Promoter methylation confirmed by BSP | In vitro assays | Xu, X., 2017 [50] |
||
| PRSS8 | Downregulated | ↓EMT (↑ECAD in cells with forced PRSS8 expression) |
Promoter methylation. Upregulated by 5AZA and TSA treatment |
40 primary tumors and in vivo assays | Chen, L.M., 2009 [43] |
| ELF5 | Downregulated | ↓EMT (↑ECAD, ↓NCAD, ↓VIM, ↓Snail, ↓ZEB1) |
Promoter methylation. Upregulated by 5AZA treatment |
182 FFPE + 50 FF primary tumors and in vivo assays | Wu, B., 2015 [46] |
Abbreviations: 5AZA—5-Azacytidine. BlCa—bladder cancer. BSP—Bisulfite sequencing. EMT—epithelial to mesenchymal transition. FF—Fresh-frozen. FFPE—Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded. miR—microRNA. TSA—Trichostatin A.