Figure 2.

Different modes of selective autophagy. Degradation of selective autophagy involves the specific interactions between the ATG8/LC3-interacting regions (LIRs) within cargo receptors and ATG8/LC3 located onto autophagosomal membrane. The ubiquitination of degradative cargos or associated ligand proteins is often required for recognition by cargo receptors. Selective autophagy has been shown to eliminate different kinds of organelles and proteins, including damaged mitochondria (mitophagy), injured lysosomes (lysophagy), damaged peroxisomes (pexophagy), stressed ER (ER-phagy), and infectious pathogens (xenophagy), through specific cargo receptors in yeast and mammalian cells as indicated. Also, lipid droplets (LDs) ferritin, nuclei, ribosomes, and protein aggregates are also degraded by selective autophagy via the identified cargo receptors and other unknown adaptor proteins.