Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the studied subjects.
| Control | Obesity | Obesity + Metabolic Syndrome | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of subjects | 25 | 17 | 25 | |
| Age (years) | 23.3 ± 3.1 | 38.8 ± 8.4 * | 40.5 ± 10.3 * | <0.001 |
| Age range | 18 to 30 | 22 to 51 | 22 to 59 | nd |
| Anthropometric data | ||||
| Height (m) | 1.61 ± 0.05 | 1.55 ± 0.08 * | 1.56 ± 0.06 * | 0.002 |
| Weight (kg) | 55.3 ± 6.4 | 83.2 ± 14.1 * | 86.8 ± 15.1 * | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.4 ± 1.9 | 34.8 ± 6.1 * | 35.8 ± 5.1 * | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 71.4 ± 7.0 | 96.9 ± 11.1 * | 99.6 ± 10.2 * | <0.001 a |
| HC (cm) | 92.0 ± 6.7 | 114.6 ± 11.1 * | 115.7 ± 11.8 * | <0.001 a |
| W/H ratio | 0.78 ± 0.6 | 0.85 ± 0.08 * | 0.86 ± 0.05 * | <0.001 a |
| Biochemical data | ||||
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 84.2 ± 5.5 | 91.6 ± 05.6 | 104.6 ± 17.5 * | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 109.4 ± 29.1 | 102.2 ± 27.0 | 177.2 ± 69.6 * | <0.001 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 60.6 ± 12.4 | 45.6 ± 11.5 * | 42.4 ± 8.4 * | <0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 87.4 ± 24.2 | 102.0 ± 21.1 | 116.4 ± 23.3 * | <0.001 a |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 170.0 ± 26.2 | 168.0 ± 26.2 | 194.3 ± 29.0 * | 0.002 |
| LDL-c/HDL-c ratio | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 1.0 * | 2.9 ± 0.8 * | <0.001 a |
| C/HDL-c ratio | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 1.1 * | 4.7 ± 1.1 * | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| SBP (mm Hg) | 109.3 ± 10.7 | 122.7 ± 16.6 * | 125.4 ± 13.1 * | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 71.9 ± 10.9 | 80.2 ± 13.7 | 85.5 ± 12.7 * | 0.003 |
The results appear like average ± standard deviation. p-value was calculated according to the Kruskal‒Wallis test for non-parametric data except for a ANOVA for parametric data. WC—waist circumference, HC—hip circumference, W/H—waist to hip ratio, HDL—high-density lipoprotein, LDL—low-density lipoprotein, C/HDL—cholesterol to HDL-c ratio, SBP—systolic blood pressure, DBP—diastolic blood pressure, nd—not determined. p < 0.05 are considered statistically significant. *, indicates statistically significant differences with respect to the control group. The significant differences between pair of groups are shown in Table S6.