Table 2.
Summary of results of the analyzed studies reporting details on sampling types and timepoints, type of cytokines, and main findings. See Table 1 for additional details.
Ref | Sample Type | Sampling Timepoints | Cytokines | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
[27] | Blood | Before RT and on the last day of RT | TGF-β1 and PDGF-AB | TGF-β1 and PDGF levels decreased significantly during RT |
[28] | Blood | From 6 and 18 months after treatment | IL-6, TGF-α, IL-1β | There were no significant baseline differences between survivors and the CTR group in LPS-stimulated TNF-α, IL-6, or IL-1b cytokines, or in the cytokine z score. There were significant differences in the trajectories of stimulated cytokines over time by treatment group with survivors treated with a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy having the highest increases in stimulated cytokines |
[29] | Blood and serum | Before and after RT (24 h, 1 and 4 months after RT) | IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α | Compared to controls: increased IL-6; lower IL-8 at baseline increases during SBRT reaching level similar to those of controls; no differences, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α not detectable |
[30] | Specimen | During resection | Intratumoral IFN-γ mRNA and protein levels | No association with metastasis |
[31] | Serum | Before and 1 month after treatment | IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, SCC-Ag, and CYFRA 21-1 | Potential markers in the metastasis and BC prognosis |
[32] | Specimen | During resection | CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL8, CCL18, CCL19, CCL21, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 and CXCL13 | Radiosensitivity and immune activation |
[33] | Biopsy | Pre-treatment only | RANK/RANK ligand RANK/OPG axis | RANK is increased in Her-2 negative and basal BC, and correlates with worse recurrence, free survival, and risk of bone metastases |
[34] | Surnatant from S wound fluid | 24 h after IORT | TGF-β1 | Invariant after IORT |
[35] | Serum | Before, at the end (week 7) and 6 weeks after RT | IL-6, IL-1ra1RA | In the CTR group, IL-6 increased at the end of RT and decreased 6 weeks after RT. IL-6 was invariant in patients performing exercise. IL-1ra was similar in both groups and increased only slightly after RT |
[36] | Blood | From 8 am to 12 noon at 4-hour intervals before any treatment | IL-10RB, IFNA2, CXCL13, IL-17C, IL-17F, IL-13, CCL26, CSF2, IL-3, OSM, IL-1A, IL-16, IL-5RA, TNFSF13 | All but three genes were downregulated in the blood of triple-negative BC patients. The most downregulated cytokines were IL-17C and IL-17F, IL-17C, better known as IL-21 |
[37] | Skin biopsy | From 0, 7, to 21 years after RT. | TGF-β1 | Alterations in blood and lymphatic vessel are correlated with changes in TGF-β1 and endoglin levels, and with macrophage infiltration. Bisphosphonate treatment impaired leucocyte influx, but also negatively affected neovessel formation |
[38] | Serum | From 8.3 up to 12 years (mean 9.9 years) | IL-6 and CTGF | No correlation between IL-6 and age. No correlation between cytokines and RT or fibrosis |
[39] | Plasma | Baseline, weekly, 3 and 6 months post-treatment | IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-10, VEGF, EGF, INF-β | IL-1b, Il-2, IL-6, and TNFα were increased 4 weeks after RT. |
[40] | Plasma | 1 year after RT | IL-6 | Elevation of plasma IL-6 levels in patients 1 year post-RT |
[41] | Serum | Serum was drawn before S before, 1 month after RT, and every subsequent 6 months for 2 years | TGF-β1 | Elevated TGF-β1 levels in patients with moderate to severe radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) compared with those who experienced none to mild RIF. This elevation was transiently eliminated after surgery and before IBAPBI, but once again it became significant during IBAPBI and persisted at 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months |
Main abbreviations for Table 2: breast cancer (BC); chemokine ligands (CCL); connective tissue growth factor (CTGF); healthy control (CTR); chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXC); intracavitary brachytherapy accelerated partial breast irradiation (IBAPBI); interleukin (IL); interferon (INF); intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT), lipopolysaccharide (LPS); monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1); platelet-derived growth factor anti-body (PDGF-AB); radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF); radiotherapy (RT); surgery (S); transforming growth factor (TGF); tumor necrosis factor (TNF). See Abbreviation list for other acronyms.