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Pathogen loads for newly emerged bees from colonies having irradiated or non-irradiated (control) combs in August and October 2016: (a) Total number (mean ± SE) of pathogens detected; (b) levels (mean ± SE) of Black queen cell virus (BQCV), CBPV and Deformed wing virus (DWV); and (c) VDV-1. Bars without letters are not significantly different (p > 0.05).
