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(a) Total number (mean ± SE) of pathogens detected; (b) levels (mean ± SE) of VDV-1 and (c) other viruses in mites and their pupal hosts collected from Italian and Russian colonies having either irradiated or non-irradiated (control) combs. For each group, bars with the same letters are not significantly different (p > 0.05); without letters indicates no differences.
