Table 1.

Cell surface receptors binding extracellular α-synuclein.

Name of the Receptor	Properties	References
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor	NMDAR—Glutamate ionotropic receptor and ion channel in nerve cells.	[12]
Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) (CD223)	LAG3—immune checkpoint receptor with diverse biologic effects on T cell function.	[26,27]
TLR2 receptors	TLR2—toll-like receptor 2—a membrane receptor expressed on the cell surface binding extracellular molecules and transmitting signals to the cells of the immune system.	[28]
CD11b integrin (the α-chain of integrin αMβ2)	CD11b—transmembrane receptor facilitating cell-extracellular matrix adhesion.	[29]
Adenosine A2AR heteroreceptor complex	Adenosine receptor, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family which possess seven transmembrane alpha helices, as well as an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus.	[30]
PrPC	PrPC—a cellular prion protein. α-Synuclein directly interacts with PrPC [10,11,12]. This cooperation facilitates the transfer of α-synuclein between cells [10] and induces cofilin/actin rods formation.	[11,12,13]
Neurexin-α	Neurexin-α is a presynaptic protein connecting neurons at the synapse. Located mostly on the presynaptic membrane, contains a single transmembrane domain.	[17]
P2X7	PDX7—purinoceptors for ATP serves as a pattern recognition receptor for extracellular ATP-mediated apoptotic cell death.	[28,31,32]
mGluR5	mGluR5—metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors	[12]
Fc gamma receptor IIb	FCGR2B is a low affinity receptor for IgG. Mutation in the gene leads to a lupus phenotype	[24]
Gangliosides in the lipid rafts	Gangliosides in the lipid rafts acts as receptors for extracellular α-synuclein [33]	[25]