Figure 1.

Two modes of transport identified in the divalent anion/Na⁺ symporter (DASS) proteins. Many DASS proteins, including VcINDY and five human DASS transporters, function as Na⁺-dependent co-transporters or symporters (left). Whereas, the fruit fly INDY, which is the founding member of the DASS family, appears to be a Na⁺-independent exchanger or antiporter (right). For simplicity, the DASS proteins are drawn as cylinders (blue and yellow) and the membrane as a grey rectangle.