Structural model of the outward-facing VcINDY. Structure of the inward-facing VcINDY as viewed from the membrane bilayer (left panel). VcINDY is drawn as a ribbon diagram, with its scaffold (residues 18-128, 250-357) and transport (residues 129-249, 358-462) domains colored blue and orange, respectively. Na+ ions (green) and succinate are shown as spheres. The structural model of the outward-facing VcINDY (right panel). The orientation and coloring scheme are both the same as in panel A. As the transport domain traverses the membrane, VcINDY alternates between the inward- and outward-facing conformations.