| 8-OHdG | 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine |
| ATF4 | Activating transcription factor 4 |
| ATM | Ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase |
| cyto •OH | Cytoplasmic hydroxyl radical |
| DMEM | Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium |
| ESR | Electron spin resonance |
| GSH | Glutathione |
| HRI | Heme-regulated inhibitor |
| MAC | Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates |
| MEF | Mouse embryonic fibroblast |
| •OH | Hydroxyl radical |
| p-eIF2αser51 | Phospho-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha serine 51 |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
| SA-β-gal | Senescence-associated β-galactosidase |
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