Table 2.
The associations between amino acids and prevalent type 2 diabetes (n = 144).
| Amino Acids | OR Across Tertiles (T) a | OR Per SD Increment a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2, OR (95% CI) | T3, OR (95% CI) | p for Trend | FDR | OR (95% CI) | p Value | FDR | |
| Essential amino acids | ||||||||
| Valine | 1.00 | 5.00 (2.05, 12.18) | 5.13 (2.05, 12.86) | 0.001 | 0.006 | 1.85 (1.30, 2.64) | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Leucine | 1.00 | 2.43 (1.24, 4.73) | 2.63 (1.27, 5.48) | 0.007 | 0.033 | 1.55 (1.12, 2.13) | 0.008 | 0.038 |
| Isoleucine | 1.00 | 2.79 (1.39, 5.62) | 2.22 (1.08, 4.57) | 0.026 | 0.068 | 1.34 (0.98, 1.85) | 0.069 | 0.133 |
| Phenylalanine | 1.00 | 1.99 (1.03, 3.84) | 2.12 (1.05, 4.26) | 0.030 | 0.068 | 1.44 (1.05, 1.96) | 0.022 | 0.073 |
| Lysine | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.45, 1.74) | 2.28 (1.11, 4.68) | 0.032 | 0.068 | 1.42 (1.04, 1.94) | 0.027 | 0.073 |
| Methionine | 1.00 | 2.75 (1.39, 5.46) | 1.86 (0.92, 3.80) | 0.077 | 0.124 | 1.21 (0.90, 1.65) | 0.209 | 0.265 |
| Threonine | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.42, 1.63) | 0.54 (0.27, 1.08) | 0.085 | 0.124 | 0.81 (0.62, 1.07) | 0.134 | 0.219 |
| Tryptophan | 1.00 | 0.62 (0.31, 1.25) | 1.79 (0.78, 4.14) | 0.222 | 0.301 | 1.43 (0.97, 2.11) | 0.070 | 0.133 |
| Histidine | 1.00 | 1.49 (0.75, 2.93) | 0.85 (0.44, 1.65) | 0.644 | 0.723 | 0.81 (0.62, 1.07) | 0.138 | 0.219 |
| Non-essential amino acids | ||||||||
| Glutamic acid | 1.00 | 2.96 (1.37, 6.39) | 4.04 (1.79, 9.12) | 0.001 | 0.006 | 1.89 (1.34, 2.67) | <0.001 | 0.006 |
| Alanine | 1.00 | 1.73 (0.82, 3.65) | 3.41 (1.63, 7.14) | 0.001 | 0.006 | 1.73 (1.23, 2.42) | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Glutamine | 1.00 | 0.66 (0.27, 1.62) | 0.32 (0.12, 0.87) | 0.017 | 0.057 | 0.65 (0.44, 0.97) | 0.035 | 0.083 |
| Glycine | 1.00 | 0.51 (0.26, 1.00) | 0.47 (0.26, 0.87) | 0.018 | 0.057 | 0.73 (0.55, 0.96) | 0.024 | 0.073 |
| Tyrosine | 1.00 | 1.82 (0.90, 3.66) | 2.12 (1.03, 4.37) | 0.044 | 0.084 | 1.23 (0.90, 1.68) | 0.186 | 0.252 |
| Serine | 1.00 | 1.27 (0.70, 2.32) | 1.81 (0.93, 3.52) | 0.083 | 0.124 | 1.21 (0.91, 1.60) | 0.186 | 0.252 |
| Asparagine | 1.00 | 1.20 (0.63, 2.29) | 0.66 (0.32, 1.36) | 0.299 | 0.379 | 0.86 (0.63, 1.18) | 0.362 | 0.430 |
| Arginine | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.47, 1.90) | 0.86 (0.46, 1.62) | 0.647 | 0.723 | 0.92 (0.71, 1.20) | 0.541 | 0.605 |
| Proline | 1.00 | 1.70 (0.83, 3.47) | 1.00 (0.49, 2.07) | 0.935 | 0.970 | 1.00 (0.76, 1.32) | 0.997 | 0.997 |
| Aspartic acid | 1.00 | 0.67 (0.33, 1.38) | 1.04 (0.43, 2.50) | 0.970 | 0.970 | 1.05 (0.78, 1.41) | 0.767 | 0.810 |
Prevalent cases were defined as those had HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (47.5 mmol/mol) but did not report to have diagnosed diabetes at baseline when blood samples were collected (1999–2004), while reported to have diagnosed diabetes during the follow-up (2006–2010). a Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and p values were calculated by conditional logistic regression after adjustment for BMI, history of hypertension, smoking status, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides.