Figure 1.
Glutamine metabolism in cancer cells. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ASCT2, alanine-serine-cysteine-transporter-2; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CTH, cystathionine gamma-lyase; EAA, essential amino acids; GLS, glutaminase; GLUD, glutamate dehydrogenase; GLUT, glucose transporter; GSH, reduced glutathione; GSHR, glutathione reductase; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate; LAT1, ʟ-type amino acid transporter; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MCT, monocarboxylate transporter; MDH, malate dehydrogenase; ME, malic enzyme; MPC, mitochondrial pyruvate carrier; NADPH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NH4+, free ammonia; OAA, oxaloacetate; PC, pyruvate carboxylase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PG, phosphoglycerate; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; SLC7A11, solute carrier family member 7A11 (xCT). Glutaminolysis in pink.