Table 3.
Pesticide detections in pollen by year and pesticide: number of detections (#), and the range and mean (standard deviation (SD)) of the amount detected (in ppb). See Section 3.1, Section 3.3–Section 3.5 for a summary discussion.
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Range | Mean (SD) | # | Range | Mean (SD) | # | Range | Mean (SD) | # | Range | Mean (SD) | |
| FUNGICIDES | ||||||||||||
| 4-Hydroxychlorothalonil | 2 | 5.5–42 | 23.8 (25.8) | 2 | 5.5–22 | 13.8 (11.7) | 1 | 21 | ||||
| Azoxystrobin | 3 | 0.5–56 | 19.4 (31.7) | 12 | 0.5–214 | 19.6 (61.2) | 15 | 0.7–14 | 3.8 (4.0) | 11 | 0.5–37 | 6.0 (11.0) |
| Benalaxyl | 1 | 1.9 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Boscalid | 6 | 1.2–2.8 | 1.8 (0.6) | 4 | 1.8–5.2 | 3.7 (1.6) | ||||||
| Carbendazim | 9 | 0.8–13 | 4.2 (4.3) | 16 | 1-14 | 4.0 (3.8) | 13 | 2.1–548 | 64.7 (146.2) | 10 | 1–56 | 17.8 (21.5) |
| Cymoxanil | 1 | 7.5 | ||||||||||
| Cyprodinil | 1 | 21 | ||||||||||
| Difenoconazole | 1 | 4.5 | 1 | 3.9 | ||||||||
| Dimethomorph | 1 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Fluazinam | 1 | 4.7 | ||||||||||
| Imazalil (Enilconazole) | 1 | 1.6 | ||||||||||
| Mandiproamide | 1 | 1.2 | ||||||||||
| Metalaxyl | 1 | 1.5 | 3 | 0.8–3.5 | 1.9 (1.4) | |||||||
| Metconazole | 1 | 1.3 | ||||||||||
| Myclobutanil | 1 | 1.1 | 1 | 6.1 | ||||||||
| Octhilinone | 1 | 24 | ||||||||||
| Propiconazole-1 | 2 | 1.2–3.9 | 2.6 (1.9) | 7 | 1.1–57 | 16.5 (19.9) | 15 | 1.1–12 | 6.7 (6.8) | 8 | 11–64 | 26.1 (18.5) |
| Pyraclostrobin | 1 | 12 | 3 | 1–3.9 | 2.1 (1.6) | 8 | 0.8–8.8 | 3.3 (3.1) | ||||
| Pyrimethanil | 1 | 29 | ||||||||||
| Spiroxamine | 2 | 1-2 | 1.5 (0.7) | |||||||||
| Tebuconazole | 7 | 2–90 | 27.1 (31.4) | 1 | 104 | |||||||
| Thiabendazole | 1 | 0.8 | 1 | 1.5 | ||||||||
| Thiophanate-methyl | 1 | 4.6 | 3 | 10–40 | 21.3 (16.3) | |||||||
| Trifloxystrobin | 2 | 0.2–1.2 | 0.7 (0.7) | 1 | 23 | 3 | 1.4–2 | 1.7 (0.3) | 1 | 1.6 | ||
| HERBICIDES | ||||||||||||
| Acetochlor | 1 | 22 | 3 | 1.8–17 | 7.2 (8.5) | |||||||
| Alachlor | 1 | 1.3 | ||||||||||
| Atrazine | 21 | 0.1–10 | 1.9 (2.7) | 19 | 0.2–41 | 7.4 (10.5) | 21 | 0.2–29 | 5.4 (8.4) | 23 | 0.4–58 | 6.8 (14.3) |
| Bentazon | 1 | 3.1 | ||||||||||
| Dithiopyr | 2 | 0.6–0.8 | 0.7 (0.1) | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Diuron | 3 | 2.4–8.9 | 5.1 (3.4) | 5 | 4.3–33 | 13.2 (11.6) | 12 | 3.1–275 | 48.6 (73.9) | 7 | 1.1–27 | 11.2 (10.1) |
| Fenuron | 2 | 0.7–2.1 | 1.4 (1.0) | |||||||||
| Linuron | 2 | 2.2–14.4 | 8.3 (8.6) | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Metolachlor | 8 | 0.2–8.3 | 2.1 (2.6) | 5 | 5.5–130 | 48.9 (49.2) | 10 | 0.6–31 | 6.01 (9.6) | 9 | 0.7–20 | 4.3 (6.7) |
| Metribuzin | 3 | 0.6–2.6 | 1.4 (1.1) | |||||||||
| Metsulfuron-methyl | 1 | 7 | ||||||||||
| Pendimethalin | 13 | 1.2–14 | 5.2 (4.8) | 11 | 1-26 | 9.2 (8.7) | 4 | 2.1–4.1 | 2.8 (0.9) | 13 | 1.6–55 | 9.0 (14.1) |
| Prodiamine | 1 | 2.3 | ||||||||||
| Prometon | 3 | 1–3.3 | 2.4 (1.2) | |||||||||
| Prometryn | 1 | 2.2 | ||||||||||
| Propyzamide | 3 | 1.5–6.2 | 3.2 (2.6) | |||||||||
| Sethoxydim | 1 | 23 | 2 | 1.7–2.5 | 2.1 (0.6) | |||||||
| Siduron | 3 | 5.6–13 | 9.1 (3.7) | |||||||||
| Simazine | 1 | 1.1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1.4 | ||||||
| Sulfentrazone | 1 | 2.5 | ||||||||||
| INSECTICIDES | ||||||||||||
| Acephate | 2 | 1.6–3.2 | 2.4 (1.1) | |||||||||
| Acetamiprid | 2 | 10–436 | 223.0 (301.2) | 1 | 4.8 | |||||||
| Aminocarb | 1 | 1.7 | ||||||||||
| Amitraz-Metab. DMPMF | 1 | 2.5 | 1 | 2.5 | ||||||||
| Azinphos-methyl | 1 | 0.4 | 1 | 1.1 | 1 | 3.5 | ||||||
| Bendiocarb | 3 | 1.2–1.9 | 1.5 (0.4) | |||||||||
| Carbaryl | 3 | 1.5–8.3 | 5.1 (3.4) | 13 | 1–6.1 | 2.9 (1.5) | 11 | 1–95 | 14.8 (27.3) | 16 | 2.1–21 | 5.5 (4.4) |
| Carbofuran | 2 | 1–6.7 | 3.8 (4.0) | 3 | 12-24 | 18.0 (6.0) | 1 | 2 | ||||
| Chlorantraniliprole | 1 | 9.6 | 1 | 5.5 | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 10 | 0.9–27 | 10.4 (11.1) | 5 | 2–10.6 | 5.4 (3.2) | 11 | 1.6–61 | 15.5 (18.7) | 10 | 1.4–34 | 12.8 (11.1) |
| Clothianidin | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1.2 | 4 | 1.3–4.8 | 2.8 (1.7) | |||||
| Coumaphos | 17 | 0.2–196 | 20.3 (52.6) | 5 | 1.3–33 | 8.8 (13.6) | 3 | 1.3–20 | 8.4 (10.1) | 6 | 1.6–6.1 | 3.1 (1.7) |
| Coumaphos oxon | 1 | 2.5 | ||||||||||
| Diazinon | 3 | 1–8.5 | 5.1 (3.8) | 1 | 8.6 | |||||||
| Dichlorvos | 1 | 35 | 1 | 1.5 | ||||||||
| Diflubenzuron | 1 | 19 | ||||||||||
| Dimethoate | 8 | 0.3–181 | 27.3 (62.6) | 5 | 0.7–79 | 18.6 (33.8) | 7 | 2.5–12 | 7.2 (3.5) | 7 | 0.7–194 | 33.6 (71.1) |
| Fenpyroximate | 2 | 0.2–0.6 | 0.4 (0.3) | |||||||||
| Fluvalinate | 7 | 0.9–4.7 | 2.5 (1.3) | 2 | 21–27 | 24.0 (4.2) | 3 | 1.6–2.8 | 2.4 (0.7) | |||
| Imidacloprid | 2 | 1.5–2 | 1.8 (0.4) | 4 | 4.4–51 | 17.8 (22.2) | 3 | 1.8–4.2 | 2.7 (1.3) | |||
| Imidacloprid, Olefin | 1 | 9.5 | ||||||||||
| Imidacloprid, urea | 1 | 19 | ||||||||||
| Malathion | 1 | 7.9 | 9 | 1.4–138 | 32.8 (42.0) | 11 | 3.8–397 | 168.1 (160.1) | 12 | 5.5–148 | 54.5 (45.6) | |
| Methiocarb | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1.9–20 | 8.2 (7.8) | |||||
| Methomyl | 3 | 2.5–26 | 13.2 (11.9) | 3 | 1.4–19 | 7.5 (10.0) | ||||||
| Methoxyfenozide | 4 | 2.2–162 | 45.3 (77.9) | |||||||||
| OH-Carbofuran | 5 | 1.2–29 | 15.8 (11.2) | 1 | 1.9 | |||||||
| Omethoate | 6 | 1–2.4 | 1.9 (0.6) | 3 | 1-12 | 6.1 (5.5) | ||||||
| Phorate | 1 | 22 | ||||||||||
| Phorate Sulfoxide | 1 | 1.7–9 | 3.3 (3.2) | |||||||||
| Phosmet | 4 | 2.4–57 | 20.7 (25.1) | 4 | 2.1–483 | 125.1 (238.6) | 5 | 1.6–82 | 32.2 (39.4) | 4 | 1.1–26 | 7.8 (12.1) |
| Rotenone | 5 | 1.6–82 | 32.2 (39.4) | 3 | 2.3–16 | 10.1 (7.0) | ||||||
| Spinetoram | 1 | 4.4 | 4 | 8.8–645 | 363.4 (311.7) | |||||||
| Spiridoclofen | 4 | 5.6–55 | 18.5 (23.3) | |||||||||
| Thiamethoxam | 1 | 2.8 | 1 | 3.1 | 3 | 1.1–3.8 | 2.4 (1.4) | |||||