Table 4.
Pesticides in wax from active colonies: number of detections (#) and amount detected—highest, lowest and mean (SD) from hives (1) Established Spring 2009 and Sampled Fall 2010 [one hive in Maine established in 2010, in brackets and marked by *], (2) Established in Spring 2009 and Sampled Fall 2011 (3) Established Spring 2011/ Sampled Fall 2011 and (4) Established in Spring 2011 and Sampled Fall 2012.
| (1) Established Spring 2009/Sampled Fall 2010 * (n = 52) | (2) Established Spring 2009/Sampled Spring 2011 (n = 18) | (3) Established Spring 2011/Sampled Fall 2011 (n = 7) | (4) Established Spring 2011/Sampled Fall 2012 (n = 65) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Range | Mean (SD) | # | Range | Mean (SD) | # | Range | Mean (SD) | # | Range | Mean (SD) | |
| FUNGICIDES | ||||||||||||
| 4-hydroxychlorothalonil | 7 | 1.4–17 | 7.3 (5.3) | |||||||||
| Azoxystrobin | 4 | 1–1.3 | 1.1 (0.2) | 4 | 2.5–3.5 | 2.9 (0.4) | 48 | 0.5–33 | 4.9 (6.8) | |||
| Boscalid | 12 | 0.6–22 | 3.9 (5.9) | 1 | 10 | 1 | 43 | |||||
| Carbendazim | 6 | 0.7–56 | 14.6 (21.2) | 9 | 64–137 | 89.9 (48.6) | 7 | 1.2–152 | 101 (49.9) | 18 | 1.5–109 | 40.6 (28.7) |
| Diphenylamine | 3 | 25–227 | 100.7 (110.1) | |||||||||
| Epiconazole | 1 | 0.5 | ||||||||||
| Fluoxastrobin | 1 | 13 | ||||||||||
| Mandiproamide | 1 | 2.9 | ||||||||||
| Myclobutanil | 1 | 4.1 | 1 | 1.7 | ||||||||
| Octhilinone | 3 | 12-14 | 13 (1) | 4 | 1.2–4.2 | 2.9 (1.3) | ||||||
| Propiconazole-1 | 13 | 0.8–66 | 2.5 (1.5) [1.6] * | 4 | 4.8–8 | 6.7 (1.4) | 19 | 6.2–27 | 14.4 (6.9) | |||
| Pyraclostrobin | 2 | 1.2–2.1 | 1.6 (0.6) | 51 | 1.2–47 | 7.8 (9.4) | ||||||
| Tebuconazole | 2 | 1.3–2.8 | 2.1 (1.1) | 7 | 1.9–21 | 10.8 (7.6) | 7 | 1–23.1 | 10.8 (7.6) | 16 | 2.7–24 | 6.9 (5.6) |
| Thiabendazole | 7 | 0.4–92 | 44.6 (37.0) | 1 | 91 | 1 | 2.8 | |||||
| HERBICIDES | ||||||||||||
| Atrazine | 17 | 0.01–6.5 | 1.2 (1.5) | 6 | 0.4–2.1 | 1.0 (0.6) | 3 | 0.5–1.6 | 1.0 (0.3) | 23 | 0.2–5.4 | 1.3 (1.2) |
| Bentazon | 19 | 1.3–17 | 5.9 (4.8) | |||||||||
| Dithiopyr | 1 | 1.8 | 3 | 1.7–5.1 | 3.0 (1.9) | |||||||
| Diuron | 9 | 0.4–3.3 | 1.4 (0.8) | 9 | 6.4–30 | 18.1 (8.4) | 7 | 1.7–29.4 | 16.1 (8.4) | 16 | 2.2–20 | 7.1 (5.7) |
| Fenuron | 2 | 24–35 | 29.5 (7.8) | |||||||||
| Halosulfuron-methyl | 3 | 213–386 | 307 (87.5) | |||||||||
| Linuron | 3 | 1–2.4 | 1.5 (0.8) | 2 | 1–5.5 | 3.3 (3.2) | ||||||
| MCPA | 1 | 4 | ||||||||||
| Metolachlor | 1 | 0.7 | 11 | 1–4.5 | 2.2 (1.1) | |||||||
| Napropamide | 1 | 2.8 | ||||||||||
| Pendimethalin | 18 | 0.4–5.9 | 2.1 (1.5) | 10 | 2.8–20 | 6.5 (5.6) | ||||||
| Prometon | 1 | 3.5 | ||||||||||
| INSECTICIDES | ||||||||||||
| Acephate | 1 | 5.8 | ||||||||||
| Amitraz Metab DMPF | 1 | 4.6 | 1 | 3.7 | ||||||||
| Azinphos-methyl | 8 | 0.2–0.3 | 0.3 (0.1) | |||||||||
| Bendiocarb | 1 | 4.5 | ||||||||||
| Carbaryl | 1 | 0.9 | ||||||||||
| Carbofuran | 10 | 0.8–10.8 | 5.7 (4.0) | |||||||||
| OH-Carbofuran | 15 | 5.4–112 | 28.1 (34.6) | |||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 2 | 0.8–5.5 | 3.2 (3.3) | 9 | 3.1–15 | 6.8 (3.6) | 7 | 1.6–14.3 | 6.6 (4.2) | 8 | 1.4–44 | 9.5 (14.0) |
| Coumaphos | 32 | 0.2–75 | 24.6 (17.8) [17] * | 18 | 8.5–87 | 25.8 (19.2) | 7 | 8.5–40.1 | 19.8 (11.8) | 65 | 1.8–2060 | 62.8 (288.9) |
| Coumaphos—oxon | 21 | 0.9–5.8 | 3.1 (1.6) [1.8] * | 6 | 1-12 | 3.3 (4.3) | 11 | 1.1–43 | 8.6 (15.1) | |||
| Diazinon | 6 | 0.4–2 | 0.8 (0.6) | 5 | 0.1–1.6 | 0.8 (0.7) | ||||||
| Dichlorvos | 2 | 2–2.3 | 2.2 (0.2) | 3 | 2.3–13 | 6.2 (5.9) | 1 | 2.3 | ||||
| Dimethoate | 20 | 1.1–945 | 63.9 (208.0) | 2 | 0.6–1.9 | 1.3 (0.92) | 25 | 0.8–52 | 6.4 (10.2) | |||
| Fenpyroximate | 1 | 1.9 | 4 | 1–207 | 72.1 (97.2) | 2 | 1–1.3 | 1.2 (0.2) | 3 | 5.5–26 | 17.8 (10.9) | |
| Fluvalinate | 24 | 1–862 | 348.1 (223.4) [15] * | 18 | 7.6–512 | 169.3 (151.3) | 7 | 63–407 | 202.6 (136.1) | 62 | 1.7–537 | 52.5 (94.9) |
| Malathion | 2 | 35/49 | 42 (9.9) | 6 | 1.2–85 | 26.8 (30.2) | 4 | 11.9–31.2 | 18.6 (8.8) | 17 | 4.7–91 | 50.5 (25.7) |
| Phosmet | 18 | 1.1–220 | 19.0 (51.0) | 1 | 6.5 | 11 | 1.5–32 | 12.7 (10.5) | ||||
| Pyridaben | 1 | 31 | ||||||||||
| Resmethrin | 3 | 6.3–17 | 13.4 (6.2) | 2 | 2.4–5.5 | 3.9 (2.2) | ||||||
| Rotenone | 2 | 23–28 | 25.5 (3.5) | |||||||||
| Spiridoclofen | 1 | 12 | ||||||||||
| Thiamethoxam | 4 | 1.1–2.8 | 1.6 (0.8) | |||||||||
| SYNERGIST | ||||||||||||
| Piperonyl butoxide | 21 | 5.3–53 | 20.52 (13.8) | 4 | 3.5–37 | 18.1 (13.9) | 7 | 7.1–22.9 | 11.4 (7.4) | 14 | 1.7–35 | 15.7 (11.8) |