Table 2.
Comparison of sleep structures demographic characteristics between normal sleepers and groups with insomnia
| Sleep Characteristics | Normal (n=17) | Paradoxical Insomnia (n=19) | Psychophysiological Insomnia (n=17) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSQI total sleep time† (h) | 5.57±1.93a | 2.25±2.46b | 4.60±2.73a | <0.01 |
| PSQI sleep latency (h) | 0.79(0.57)a | 3.01(1.24)b | 1.39(1.32)a | <0.01 |
| PSQI sleep efficiency | 74.78(25.96)a | 28.88(20.49)b | 58.28(32.66)a | 0.01 |
| PSG total sleep time | 7.11(0.44)a | 6.82(0.69)ab | 6.02(1.58)b | 0.01 |
| PSG sleep latency | 7.84(6.60)a | 9.13 (6.58)a | 15.30(26.40)a | 0.07 |
| PSG sleep efficiency | 92.79(4.32)a | 88.04(7.28)a | 77.25(19.94)b | <0.01 |
| N1 stage (%) | 32.44(16.39)a | 32.56(16.54)a | 32.60(13.51)a | 0.41 |
| N2 stage (%) | 21.67(9.19)a | 20.21(10.27)a | 16.28(9.33)a | 0.32 |
| N3 stage (%) | 30.65(18.39)a | 23.94(15.12)a | 19.17(16.82)a | 0.15 |
| REM (%) | 8.01(8.30)a | 11.32(8.86)a | 9.13(9.79)a | 0.81 |
| Total REM arousal state | 20.50(11.05)a | 23.86(12.62)a | 24.31(18.28)a | 0.93 |
| Total NREM arousal state | 24.76(9.02)a | 24.74(6.26)a | 22.99(5.43)a | 0.69 |
| PSG wake index | 2.02(0.68)a | 3.54(1.92)a | 8.92(10.81)b | <0.01 |
| WASO | 14.53(4.68)a | 23.36(11.94)a | 40.58(28.32)b | <0.01 |
| Maximum PTT | 360.93(22.20) | 356.16(24.97) | 361.71(19.94) | 0.73 |
| Minimum PTT | 262.97(10.02) | 249.89(15.63) | 266.18(28.92) | 0.04 |
| Average PTT | 305.93(10.78) | 299.79(17.91) | 308.24(14.72) | 0.23 |
†:
Mean±SD. Statistical analysis for the equality of the mean values among the three groups was evaluated using ANCOVA adjusted by sex, age, and BMI (P<0.05). Means with the same superscript letters within a row were not significantly different (P>0.05). Abbreviations: Paradoxical Insomnia (Para-Insomnia); Psychophysiological Insomnia (Psych-insomnia); Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); Polysomnography (PSG); Rapid Eye Movements (REM); Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM); Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO); and Pulse Transit Time (PTT).