Table 3.

Multivariable, Multilevel Model Examining the Unique Roles of Social Environment, Normative Beliefs, and Attitudes in Uniquely Predicting Initiation of ENDS, After Adjusting for Sociodemographic Differences and Other Tobacco Use Covariates Among Students Who Never Used ENDS at Baseline (n = 2,110).

Wave 1 variables	Odds ratio	SE	95% Confidence interval
Covariates
Age: Above 24 years (reference)
18–24 years	3.08***	0.90	[1.74, 5.45]
Gender: Female (reference)
Male	1.06	0.15	[0.81, 1.39]
Race/ethnicity: Non-Hispanic White (reference)
Hispanic/Latino	1.14	0.14	[0.90, 1.46]
African American/Black	0.87	0.19	[0.57, 1.32]
Asian	0.91	0.14	[0.68, 1.22]
Other	1.22	0.24	[0.82, 1.80]
Enrollment in a community college (reference)
Enrollment in a 4-year college	1.14	0.33	[0.65, 2.00]
No. of other tobacco products ever used	2.17***	0.13	[1.94, 2.44]
Social environment, normative beliefs, attitudes
Peer ENDS usea	1.32*	0.12	[1.11, 1.57]
Social acceptability of ENDS useb	0.97	0.05	[0.87, 1.08]
Inclination to date someone who uses ENDSb	1.23*	0.08	[1.08, 1.39]
Household ENDS usec	1.22	0.31	[0.74, 2.02]

Note. ENDS = Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems.

^aScored on a scale from 0 to 4.

^bScored on a scale from 1 to 5.

^cScored as 0, 1.

^*p < .05.

^***p < .001.