Table 3.
TBI protein biomarker candidates that could have in vitro diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic development /monitoring utilities.
| Origin/ Pathobiological mechanisms |
TBI Biomarker Candidates |
Evidence for Animal TBI detection |
Evidence for Human severe/moderate TBI detection |
Evidence for mild TBI detection (including concussion) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neuronal cell body injury |
UCH-L1 | Liu et al. 2010 | Brophy et al. 2011 | Diaz-Arrastia 2014 Papa 2010, Papa 2012a Tate et al. 2013; Puvenna et al. 2014 |
| NSE | Agoston et al. 2012 Svetlov et a. 2012 Liu et al., 2015 |
Bohmer et al., 2011; Berger et al., 2012; |
Topolovec-Vranic et al., 2011; Buonora et al., 2015 |
|
| Astrogliosis, astroglial injury |
GFAP | Zoltewicz et al. 2013; Agoston et al.2012; Yan et al., 2015 Svetlov et al. 2012 |
Mondello et al., 2010 Vos et al. 2010 |
Papa et al. 2012, Okonkwo et al. 2013 Tate et al. 2013 |
| S100B | Agoston et al. 2012; Liu et al., 2015 |
Vos et al. 2010 | Cervellin:2012 Kiechle et al. 2014 |
|
| Axonal injury; Brain cell Necrosis- Apoptosis |
SBDPs (SBDP150, SBDP145, SBDP120,SNTF) |
SBDP150,145,1120: Pike et al, 2001 |
SBDP150, 145, 120: Mondello et al., 2010; SBDP150, 145, 120: Papa et al.., 2014 SNTF: Siman et al., 2009 |
SNTF: Siman et al., 2013, 2015 |
| Axonal injury |
NF-L, NF-M, NF-H (pNF-H) |
Anderson et al., 2008; Yan et al., 2015 Rostmi et al., 2012 |
Blyth et al., 2011 Zurek et al. 2011 |
NF-L: Gaston et al., 2014s; Shahim et al., 2016 NF-H: Oliver et al., 2015 |
| Axonal injury, CTE |
Tau, ,P-Tau | Yang et al., 2015 | Rubenstein et al., 2015 | Shahim et al., 2014 Olivera et al., 2016 Rubenstein et al., 2017 |
| Demyelination | MBP | Ringger et al. 2004 Liu et al. 2015 |
Berger et al., 2012; Zhang, et al. 2014 |
Berger et al., 2012 |
| Postsynaptic injury |
Neurogranin | - | Yang et al., 2015 | Yang et al., 2015 |
| Autoimmunity |
AutoAb[GFAP] Auto[S100b] |
- | Zhang et al., 2014; Wang et al. 2015 |
Wang et al. 2015 Marchi et al., 2013 |
Footnote: The above list of markers is not exhaustive but reflects the current state-of the art. Other possible markers include neurofilament proteins MAP2 (microtubule associated protein 2A, 2B), H-FABP (heart-type fatty acid binding protein) and BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) and TDP-43 (TAR DNA-binding protein 43). But further studies are required for further clinical utility verification and biomarker characterization.