Table 4.

Potential Utilities of TBI biomarkers.

	As diagnostic tools	As patient stratification tools in therapeutic clinical trials	As disease prognosticator	As monitor for chronic TBI
Setting	Acute (up to first 24 h post- injury	Acute (within hours post- injury)	Acute to subacute (hours to days)	Weeks, months, years
Clinical utilities	• To reduce usage of CT • To triage patients for   hospitalization	• To screen and enroll   mild TBI subjects who   are likely to have poor   outcome or develop   post-concussive   syndrome • To screen and enroll   subjects who are likely   to respond to a certain   therapy	• To inform patient   and/or family of   likelihood of mid-   and long-term   prognosis	• Monitor   development of CTE,   AD or PD • Monitor autoimmune   response
Examples	GFAP, UCH-L1, S100b or β, SBDP150/145/SNTF, T-Tau/P-Tau, pNF-H, NF-L	GFAP, pNF-H	GFAP, P-Tau, S100B, NF-L	T-Tau, P-Tau, Aβ peptides, AutoAb[GFAP]