Table 3.
Comorbid psychiatric disorders |
Prevalence % (SE) |
Model 1: Unadjusted |
Model 2: Adjusted for sociodemographics |
Model 3: Adjusted for sociodemographics and tobacco withdrawal overlapa |
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
||
Any mood disorder | 19.3 (2.20) | 2.3 (1.60-3.40) | 2.6 (1.65-4.13) | 2.3 (1.46-3.61) |
MDD | 20.0 (2.21) | 1.9 (1.32-2.79) | 1.9 (1.17-2.98) | 1.7 (1.09-2.73) |
Bipolar 1 | 22.2 (4.42) | 2.2 (1.28-3.82) | 2.8 (1.66-4.68) | 2.2 (1.31-3.72) |
Bipolar 2 | 14.3 (8.56) | 1.2 (0.30-4.88) | 1.5 (0.35-6.33) | 1.3 (0.28-5.95) |
Dysthymia | 22.3 (4.48) | 2.3 (1.29-4.11) | 2.7 (1.34-5.36) | 2.5 (1.31-4.79) |
Any anxiety disorder | 18.2 (2.84) | 1.9 (1.28-2.95) | 2.0 (1.27-3.23) | 1.8 (1.11-2.86) |
Panic disorder | 22.5 (6.45) | 2.3 (1.12-4.83) | 2.4 (1.06-5.53) | 2.1 (0.93-4.74) |
Agoraphobia | 21.1 (7.17) | 2.0 (0.83-4.79) | 2.2 (0.90-5.33) | 1.8 (0.68-4.92) |
Social phobia | 22.9 (6.47) | 2.3 (1.08-4.93) | 2.5 (0.98-6.47) | 2.4 (0.92-6.06) |
Specific phobia | 15.8 (3.29) | 1.4 (0.84-2.35) | 1.5 (0.87-2.48) | 1.4 (0.80-2.39) |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 22.8 (5.01) | 2.5 (1.36-4.46) | 2.5 (1.27-5.07) | 2.2 (1.12-4.52) |
PTSD | 22.9 (3.63) | 2.5 (1.63-3.93) | 2.4 (1.48-3.80) | 2.2 (1.39-3.47) |
Any personality disorder | 16.5 (2.03) | 1.9 (1.26-2.92) | 2.0 (1.24-3.13) | 1.8 (1.12-2.84) |
Schizotypal | 20.1 (3.44) | 2.1 (1.30-3.48) | 2.1 (1.16-3.76) | 1.9 (1.07-3.50) |
Borderline | 18.1 (2.42) | 2.2 (1.41-3.35) | 2.2 (1.35-3.61) | 2.0 (1.22-3.26) |
Antisocial | 17.2 (2.53) | 1.6 (1.07-2.44) | 1.7 (1.07-2.70) | 1.6 (1.03-2.59) |
Substance use disorders | ||||
AUD | 14.2 (1.49) | 1.4 (0.95-2.20) | 1.5 (0.95-2.31) | 1.3 (0.85-2.04) |
TUD | 13.7 (1.58) | 1.5 (0.97-2.20) | 1.5 (0.93-2.33) | 0.8 (0.52-1.31) |
Other DUD | 9.5 (2.74) | 0.7 (0.36-1.47) | 0.8 (0.37-1.54) | 0.6 (0.33-1.24) |
12-month frequent tobacco users experiencing withdrawal symptoms similar to DSM-5 cannabis withdrawal symptoms, which occurred after reduction or cessation of tobacco use.
Abbreviations: MDD, major depressive disorder; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; AUD, alcohol use disorder; TUD, tobacco use disorder; DUD, drug use disorder.
Note: Significant ORs appear in boldface.