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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018 Oct 22;195:170–177. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.005

Table 3.

Prevalence of DSM-5 Cannabis Withdrawal Syndrome and associations with 12-months psychiatric disorders and SUD in NESARC-III frequent cannabis users (N=1527)

Comorbid psychiatric
disorders		 Prevalence %
(SE)		 Model 1:
Unadjusted		 Model 2:
Adjusted for
sociodemographics		 Model 3:
Adjusted for
sociodemographics
and tobacco
withdrawal overlapa
Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Any mood disorder 19.3 (2.20) 2.3 (1.60-3.40) 2.6 (1.65-4.13) 2.3 (1.46-3.61)
 MDD 20.0 (2.21) 1.9 (1.32-2.79) 1.9 (1.17-2.98) 1.7 (1.09-2.73)
 Bipolar 1 22.2 (4.42) 2.2 (1.28-3.82) 2.8 (1.66-4.68) 2.2 (1.31-3.72)
 Bipolar 2 14.3 (8.56) 1.2 (0.30-4.88) 1.5 (0.35-6.33) 1.3 (0.28-5.95)
 Dysthymia 22.3 (4.48) 2.3 (1.29-4.11) 2.7 (1.34-5.36) 2.5 (1.31-4.79)
Any anxiety disorder 18.2 (2.84) 1.9 (1.28-2.95) 2.0 (1.27-3.23) 1.8 (1.11-2.86)
 Panic disorder 22.5 (6.45) 2.3 (1.12-4.83) 2.4 (1.06-5.53) 2.1 (0.93-4.74)
 Agoraphobia 21.1 (7.17) 2.0 (0.83-4.79) 2.2 (0.90-5.33) 1.8 (0.68-4.92)
 Social phobia 22.9 (6.47) 2.3 (1.08-4.93) 2.5 (0.98-6.47) 2.4 (0.92-6.06)
 Specific phobia 15.8 (3.29) 1.4 (0.84-2.35) 1.5 (0.87-2.48) 1.4 (0.80-2.39)
 Generalized anxiety disorder 22.8 (5.01) 2.5 (1.36-4.46) 2.5 (1.27-5.07) 2.2 (1.12-4.52)
 PTSD 22.9 (3.63) 2.5 (1.63-3.93) 2.4 (1.48-3.80) 2.2 (1.39-3.47)
Any personality disorder 16.5 (2.03) 1.9 (1.26-2.92) 2.0 (1.24-3.13) 1.8 (1.12-2.84)
 Schizotypal 20.1 (3.44) 2.1 (1.30-3.48) 2.1 (1.16-3.76) 1.9 (1.07-3.50)
 Borderline 18.1 (2.42) 2.2 (1.41-3.35) 2.2 (1.35-3.61) 2.0 (1.22-3.26)
 Antisocial 17.2 (2.53) 1.6 (1.07-2.44) 1.7 (1.07-2.70) 1.6 (1.03-2.59)
Substance use disorders
 AUD 14.2 (1.49) 1.4 (0.95-2.20) 1.5 (0.95-2.31) 1.3 (0.85-2.04)
 TUD 13.7 (1.58) 1.5 (0.97-2.20) 1.5 (0.93-2.33) 0.8 (0.52-1.31)
 Other DUD 9.5 (2.74) 0.7 (0.36-1.47) 0.8 (0.37-1.54) 0.6 (0.33-1.24)
a

12-month frequent tobacco users experiencing withdrawal symptoms similar to DSM-5 cannabis withdrawal symptoms, which occurred after reduction or cessation of tobacco use.

Abbreviations: MDD, major depressive disorder; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; AUD, alcohol use disorder; TUD, tobacco use disorder; DUD, drug use disorder.

Note: Significant ORs appear in boldface.