Table 2.
Univariable associations with plasma vitamin D
| β ± SE | P | |
|---|---|---|
| Personal | ||
|
| ||
| Age (Years) | 0.115 ± 0.06 | 0.068 |
|
| ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.158 ± 0.13 | 0.225 |
|
| ||
| Total body fat (%) | −0.031 ± 0.08 | 0.715 |
|
| ||
| Education (years) | 0.490 ± 0.25 | 0.052 |
|
| ||
| Duration of injury (years) | 0.010 ± 0.06 | 0.876 |
|
| ||
| Daily Intake | ||
|
| ||
| Total vitamin D intake (per 100 IU) | 0.451 ± 0.07 | < 0.001 |
|
| ||
| Vitamin D intake from diet (per 100 IU) | 0.695 ± 0.61 | 0.259 |
|
| ||
| Vitamin D from supplements (per 100 IU) | 0.444 ± 0.08 | < 0.001 |
|
| ||
| Total calcium intake (per 100 mg) | 0.417 ± 0.11 | < 0.001 |
|
| ||
| Calcium intake from diet (per 100 mg) | 0.315 ± 0.18 | 0.082 |
|
| ||
| Calcium from supplements (per 100 mg) | 0.501 ± 0.15 | 0.001 |
|
| ||
| Lifestyle | ||
|
| ||
| Planned exercise (hrs/week) | 0.317 ± 0.14 | 0.028 |
|
| ||
| Stretching/Range of Motion /Physical Therapy (hrs/week) | −0.232 ± 0.39 | 0.554 |
|
| ||
| Other Exercise (hrs/week) | 0.418 ± 0.16 | 0.008 |
|
| ||
| Time outside, sunrise and sunset (hrs/week) | −0.011 ± 0.06 | 0.857 |
|
| ||
| Time outside, sunrise and sunset, April – September (hr/week) | 0.062 ± 0.08 | 0.436 |
|
| ||
| Mean (ng/mL) ± SE | P | |
|
| ||
| Personal | ||
|
| ||
| Sex | 0.021 | |
| Male | 30.4 ± 0.9 | |
| Female | 35.0 ± 1.8 | |
|
| ||
| Race | < 0.001 | |
| White | 32.8 ± 0.8 | |
| Other | 22.3 ± 1.9 | |
|
| ||
| BMI | 0.262 | |
| Obese (≥ 30) | 29.8 ± 1.5 | |
| Overweight (25 – < 30) | 30.6 ± 1.3 | |
| Normal/Underweight (< 25) | 32.8 ± 1.3 | |
|
| ||
| Season of Visit | 0.737 | |
| Winter | 32.5 ± 1.7 | |
| Spring | 30.1 ± 1.7 | |
| Summer | 30.6 ± 1.4 | |
| Autumn | 31.7 ± 1.5 | |
|
| ||
| SCI level and completeness | 0.319 | |
| Motor complete cervical & AIS C | 29.8 ± 1.6 | |
| Other motor complete & AIS C | 32.7 ± 1.3 | |
| All AIS D | 30.6 ± 1.2 | |
|
| ||
| Mobility mode | 0.476 | |
| Motorized wheelchair | 31.1 ± 1.7 | |
| Hand-propelled wheelchair | 32.4 ± 1.2 | |
| Walk with aid | 29.2 ± 2.2 | |
| Walk without assistance | 29.9 ± 1.8 | |
|
| ||
| Comorbid Diseases | ||
| Asthma | 32.6 ± 2.3 | 0.507 |
| No Asthma | 31.0 ± 0.8 | |
| COPD | 32.3 ± 2.3 | 0.610 |
| No COPD | 31.1 ± 0.8 | |
| OLD* (asthma or COPD) | 32.8 ± 1.7 | 0.295 |
| No OLD | 30.8 ± 0.9 | |
| Diabetes | 30.7 ± 2.0 | 0.790 |
| No diabetes | 31.3 ± 0.9 | |
| Hypertension | 32.4 ± 1.3 | 0.261 |
| No hypertension | 30.6 ± 1.0 | |
| Heart disease, last 10 years | 34.4 ± 2.2 | 0.127 |
| No heart disease | 30.8 ± 0.8 | |
|
| ||
| Intake | ||
|
| ||
| Beer or liquor use (drinks/month) | 0.411 | |
| Above median (> 12) | 31.0 ± 1.6 | |
| Below median (≤ 12) | 33.0 ± 1.6 | |
| None | 30.5 ± 1.1 | |
|
| ||
| Wine use (drinks/month) | < 0.001 | |
| P trend < 0.001 | ||
| Above median (> 12) | 37.0 ± 2.0 | |
| Below median (≤ 12) | 34.0 ± 1.8 | |
| None | 29.4 ± 0.9 | |
|
| ||
| Lifestyle | ||
|
| ||
| Smoking status | 0.057 | |
| P trend 0.020 | ||
| Current | 26.4 ± 2.6 | |
| Former | 30.7 ± 1.1 | |
| Never | 33.0 ± 1.2 | |
|
| ||
| Sunscreen use when outdoors | 0.003 | |
| Usually (≥ 50%)** | 38.5 ± 2.3 | |
| Sometimes | 32.6 ± 1.9 | |
| Never | 30.2 ± 0.9 | |
*
Obstructive lung disease
**
P=0.127 compared to sometimes and P=0.004 compared to never