Table 2.

Studies of the in vitro antimicrobial effect of blue light

Light Source	Radiant exposure	Bacterial species/strains	Inactivation efficacy	Ref
405-nm diode laser	20 J/cm2	H. pylori	>99.9%	Hamblin et al (70)
405 nm light-emitting device	15 J/cm2 at lamp aperture	P. gingivalis	>75%	Fukui et al. (122)
380–520 nm broadband light	4.2–42 J/cm2	P. gingivalis,   P. intermedia,   P. nigrescens,   P. elaninogenica,   S. constellatus	P. intermedia and P. nigrescens: >5 log10 at 4.2 J/cm2; P. melaninogenica: >5 log10 at 21 J/cm2; P. gingivalis:1.83 log10 at 42 J/cm2	Soukos et al. (123)
400–500 nm lamps	260 and 1300 mW/cm2 for up to 3 min	P. gingivalis,   F. nucleatum,   S. mutans,   E. faecalis	The minimal inhibitory dose for P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum was 16–62 J/cm2, for S. mutans and S. faecalis was 159–212 J/cm2	Feuerstein et al. (124)
405-nm superluminous diode light	50.4–55.2 J/cm2	MRSA USA 300; MRSA IS-853	92.1% for USA 300; 93.5% for IS-853	Enwemeka et al. (125)
470-nm superluminous diode light	55 J/cm2	MRSA USA 300; MRSA IS-853	90.4% for both strains	Enwemeka et al. (126)
405 and 470 nm light	15 J/cm2	S. aureus,   P. aeruginosa	S. aureus: 90% at 405 nm, 62% at 470 nm; P. aeruginosa: 95.1% at 405 nm, 96.5% at 470 nm	Guffey and Wilborn (127)
407–420 nm		five P. acnes strains	decreased by 15.7% immediately and 24.4% at 60 min after the irradiation.	Kawada et al. (128)
407–420 nm	75J/cm2	P. acnes	less than 2-log10 units (99%) illuminated once; decreased by 4-log10 units (99.99%) after two illuminations and by 5-log10 units (99.999%) after three illuminations	Ashkenazi et al.(129)
390–410 nm LED	54–108 J/cm2	A. baumannii, Enterobacter cloacae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, E. faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Elizabethkingia meningoseptica.	Most (71%) showed a decrease of 5 log10 units	Halstead et al (130)
405–425nm LED	110 J/cm2	A. baumannii	7.64-log10 CFU	Dai et al (89)
405–425nm LED	70 J/cm2	P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Candida albicans	> 4-log10 CFU	Zhang et al (90, 91)
393–413 nm LED	133 J/cm2	S. aureus, S. pneumonia, E. coli, P. aeruginosa	4.75-log10	Barneck et al (131)
	118 – 2214 J/cm2	S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, S. pneumoniae, Corynebacterium striatum, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens C. albicans.	Complete inactivation (> 4-log10 CFU) in suspension was achieved in all of the isolates tested.	Gupta et al (132)
395–414 nm LED	68 J/cm2	β-lactam-resistant E. coli	> 6-log10 CFU reduction	Rhodes et al (133)