Table 4.

Clinical studies with antimicrobial blue light

Light source	Clinical trial type	Disease	Treatment regimen	No. of patients/acne location	Total follow-up time	outcome	Side-effects	Ref
407–420 nm metal halide lamp	open clinical trial	Mild to moderate acne	twice a week up to 5 weeks	30	8 weeks	Acne lesions were reduced by 64%.	Two patients experienced dryness.	(128)
Handheld 412 nm LED	prospective, single-center, open-label study	Mild-to-moderate facial acne,	2J/cm2/day full-face treatment	32	8 weeks	100 percent of subjects improved,	Three minimal adverse events	(134)
home use blue-LED	IRB approved randomized self-control study	Inflammatory facial acne	Four Treatments twice daily	30	until resolution	significant reduction in lesion size and erythema and improvement	N/A	(135)
hand-held, blue- LED	open clinical trial	mild-to-moderate facial acne	twice daily dose of ~29 J/cm2,	33	8 weeks	90% improvements	N/A	(136)
407 to 420 nm LED	prospective, randomized, open comparative study	inflammatory facial acne grades II or III	8 sessions of light therapy for 15 minutes each, twice a week,	60	4 weeks	Equivalent improvement to benzoyl peroxide	23.3% patients with mild desquamation and/or dryness	(137)
415 nm LED	open-label study		48 J/cm2, twice a week for 4–8 weeks	45	8 weeks	mean improvement score was 3.14 at 4 weeks and 2.90 at 8 weeks	N/A	(138)
409–419 nm LED	open-label study	mild to moderate acne	eight 10–20 treatments over 4 weeks	30	12 weeks	Significant decrease in lesion count continued to week 12.	N/A	(139)
405 nm laser	controlled, prospective, blinded, trial	H. pylori stomach infection	40 J/cm2 was delivered to a 1-cm diameter spot in the gastric antrum via optical fiber passed through an endoscope	10	Comparison of biopsies removed at treatment	mean reduction in CFU/g tissue was 91%	none	(97)
408 nm laser	controlled, prospective pilot trial	H. pylori stomach infection	Whole stomach illumination via endoscopic balloon and diffusing fibers 10–30 kJ	18	Comparison of biopsies removed at treatment and urea breath test	Reduction in CFU/g tissue ranged from 93% to 86% depending on location. Urea breath test dropped after Tx but recurred after 5 weeks	Transient, minor	(98)