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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Feb 3.

Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2016 Feb 22;91:29–39. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.004

Table 2.

Geometric Means (GM) and Selected Percentiles of Urinary Metal Concentrations (μg metal/g creatinine)

	NHANES	CYGNET Sample
Metal	GM (95% CI)	GM (95% CI)	Selected percentiles				Min	Max	LOD^c	% belowLOD^c,d
		GM (95% CI)	50th	75th	90th	95th	Min	Max	LOD^c	% belowLOD^c,d
Antimony^a	0.09 (0.08, 0.10)	0.08 (0.07, 0.08)	0.08	0.12	0.18	0.24	0.03	1.26	0.041	17.71
Barium^a	2.14 (1.85, 2.48)	2.21 (2.04, 2.41)	2.32	4.03	6.75	8.68	0.16	20.80	0.100	0.00
Cadmium^a,d	0.08 (0.07, 0.09)	0.10 (0.09, 0.11)	0.09	0.13	0.19	0.26	0.06	0.69	0.056	54.36
Cesium^a	5.85 (5.41, 6.34)	6.28 (5.93, 6.66)	7.17	9.43	11.80	13.10	0.56	29.00	0.048	0.00
Cobalt^a	0.52 (0.49, 0.55)	0.49 (0.46, 0.52)	0.52	0.75	1.01	1.29	0.05	3.23	0.048	0.25
Lead^a	0.63 (0.56, 0.70)	0.62 (0.57, 0.67)	0.68	1.08	1.57	1.90	0.06	4.05	0.080	1.75
Manganese^b	0.20 (0.18, 0.23)	0.37 (0.34, 0.40)	0.33	0.57	1.20	2.08	0.06	8.53	0.080	4.74
Molybdenum^a	81.00 (71.90, 91.30)	74.93 (69.15, 81.2)	85.20	128.00	184.00	234.00	3.45	571.00	0.990	0.00
Strontium^b	118.00 (104.00, 133.00)	100.61 (92.87, 109)	113.35	186.07	255.29	287.66	3.92	456.57	2.500	0.00
Thallium^a	0.22 (0.20, 0.23)	0.20 (0.19, 0.21)	0.22	0.32	0.41	0.46	0.01	0.69	0.020	0.25
Tin^b	1.67 (1.46, 1.90)	1.36 (1.23, 1.50)	1.21	2.47	5.32	7.72	0.16	119.93	0.220	0.75
Tungsten^a	0.18 (0.15, 0.20)	0.35 (0.32, 0.38)	0.42	0.65	0.98	1.16	0.02	4.17	0.026	1.50
Uranium^a	0.01 (0.01–0.01)	0.02 (0.02, 0.02)	0.02	0.04	0.06	0.08	0.00	0.35	0.003	3.74

^a

2005–2006 NHANES estimates for 6–11 year old boys and girls (CDC 2013a)

^b

2011–2012 NHANES estimates for 6–11 year old boys and girls (CDC 2015)

^c

LOD=Limit of detection

^d

Undetectable values replaced with LOD/sqrt(2) for all metals except cadmium. For cadmium, we only examined the subset with values>LOD (n=183).