Table 1.
Check-point inhibitors and their approval history as of February 14, 2018
| Action | Agent/trade name/company | Antibody type | Efficacy | Ref. | Approval |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-CTLA4 | Ipilimumab AKA: MDX-010 Trade name: Yervoy BMS | IgG1κ fully humanized | Metastatic malignant melanoma | [40] | FDA/EMA 2011 |
| Anti-PD-1 | Nivolumab AKA: Nivolumabum, ONO-4538, BMS-936558, MDX1106 Trade name: Optivo BMS | IgG4 fully humanized | Unresectable or metastatic Melanoma | [101] [102] |
FDA 2014 EMA 2015 |
| Metastatic NSCLC | FDA/EMA 2015 | ||||
| Metastatic renal cell Carcinoma | FDA/EMA 2015 | ||||
| Hodgkin lymphoma | FDA/EMA 2016 | ||||
| Head and neck cancer | FDA 2016 EMA 2017 |
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| Advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma | FDA 2017 EMA 2016 |
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| Hepatocellular carcinoma | FDA 2017 | ||||
| Colorectal cancer | FDA 2017 | ||||
| Adjuvant therapy in completely resected stage III/IV melanoma | [103] | FDA 2017 | |||
| Anti-PD-1 | Pembrolizumab AKA: Lambrolizumab, MK-3475 Trade name: Keytruda Merck/MSD | IgG4 fully humanized | Metastatic malignant melanoma | [104] [93] |
FDA 2014 EMA 2015 |
| Metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | FDA 2016 | ||||
| Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer | FDA 2016 EMA 2016 |
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| Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma | FDA 2017 EMA 2017 |
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| Locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma | FDA 2017 EMA 2017 |
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| Any solid tumor with a specific genetic feature (microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient) | FDA 2017 | ||||
| PD-L1 positive gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer | FDA 2017 | ||||
| Anti-PD-L1 | Atezolizumab AKA: MPDL3280 Trade name: Tecentriq Roche Genentech | IgG1 fully humanized | Advanced Urothelial carcinoma | FDA 2016 | |
| Metastatic lung cancer | FDA 2016 EMA 2017 |
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| Advanced bladder cancer | FDA 2017 EMA 2017 |
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| Anti-PD-L1 | Avelumab AKA: MSB0010718C Trade name: Bavencio Merck KgaA and Pfizer | IgG1 fully humanized | Merkel cell carcinoma | [50] | FDA 2017 EMA 2017 |
| Urothelial carcinoma | FDA 2017 | ||||
| Anti-PD-L1 | Durvalumab Trade name: Imfinzi AstraZeneca | IgG1κ fully humanized | Advanced bladder cancer | FDA 2017 | |
| Advanced non-small lung cancer | EMA 2017 |
Ab: antibody; ADR: adverse drug reaction; EMA: European Medicines Agency; FDA: food and drug administration; IgG: immunoglobulin G; ORR: overall response rate; PFS: progression-free survival; PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: programmed cell death protein 1 ligand