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. 2019 Jan 28;10:16. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00016

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Copyright © 2019 Moreno, Endicott, Skancke, Dwyer, Brennan, Efimov, Trachiotis, Mendelowitz and Kay.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Changes in conduction time between the atria and the ventricles induced by either bethanechol or photoactivation. Hearts (n = 3) were optically mapped to observe action potential propagation and to measure delays in conduction time between the atria and the ventricles, which was computed as the time difference between the earliest site of activation in the left ventricle (LV) and the earliest site of activation within the right atrium (RA). The PDMS-encapsulated micro LED was positioned on the base of the heart and directed toward the AC junction. (A) RA and LV early sites of activation mapped before administering bethanechol (60 μM). (B) Bethanechol lengthened AV delay by 8 ms but did not appear to alter the site of early LV depolarization. (C) RA and LV early sites of activation mapped before photoactivation. (D) Photoactivation using micro LED illumination lengthened AV delay by 6 ms but did not appear to alter the site of early LV depolarization.