TABLE 2.
Home environment and exposures
| Mbekweni | Newman | Total | p-value | |
| Home environment | ||||
| Household dimensions# | ||||
| Has ≤2 dimensions | 185 (38%) | 121 (27%) | 306 (33%) | <0.001 |
| Has >2 dimensions | 302 (62%) | 320 (73%) | 622 (67%) | |
| Alternate fuel used (coal, wood, paraffin, gas) | ||||
| Cooking | 133 (31%) | 37 (10%) | 170 (21%) | <0.001 |
| Heating | 127 (29%) | 7 (2%) | 134 (16%) | <0.001 |
| Crowding | ||||
| Household size | 4 (3, 6) | 5 (4, 7) | 4 (3, 6) | <0.001 |
| Persons per sleeping room | 3 (2, 4) | 3 (2, 5) | 3 (2, 5) | 0.010 |
| Pollutants measured: antenatal | ||||
| PM10 g·m−3 (n=755) | 32.0 (12.3, 64.2) | 35.6 (12.8, 65.6) | 33.4 (12.4, 65.6) | 0.417 |
| Above threshold | 73 (19%) | 65 (18%) | 138 (18%) | 0.853 |
| NO2 µg·m−3 (n=747) | 7.3 (2.6, 14.6) | 7.1 (3.9, 11.3) | 7.1 (3.4, 12.7) | 0.494 |
| Above threshold | 16 (4%) | 3 (1%) | 19 (3%) | 0.005 |
| Benzene µg·m−3 (n=729) | 4.6 (1.5, 17.9) | 3.9 (1.8, 8.6) | 4.3 (1.8, 11.0) | 0.475 |
| Above threshold | 183 (47%) | 147 (43%) | 330 (45%) | 0.244 |
| Toluene µg·m−3 (n=729) | 16.1 (5.9, 43.0) | 17.4 (8.2, 46.5) | 16.9 (7.2, 44.6) | 0.282 |
| Above threshold | 36 (9%) | 30 (9%) | 66 (9%) | 0.803 |
| CO mg·m−3 (n=706) | 0.0 (0.0, 5.1) | 0.0 (0.0, 8.4) | 0.0 (0.0, 7.6) | 0.144 |
| Above threshold | 39 (10%) | 42 (14%) | 81 (11%) | 0.095 |
| Pollutants measured: postnatal | ||||
| PM10 g·m−3 (n=505) | 30.0 (14.7, 49.7) | 28.4 (10.5, 53.7) | 29.3 (12.6, 52.5) | 0.364 |
| Above threshold | 38 (16%) | 36 (14%) | 74 (15%) | 0.499 |
| NO2 µg·m−3 (n=532) | 6.3 (2.9, 14.6) | 5.3 (2.6, 11.3) | 5.8 (2.6, 12.67) | 0.119 |
| Above threshold | 6 (2%) | 1 (0%) | 7 (1%) | 0.041 |
| Benzene µg·m−3 (n=462) | 2.8 (0.8, 14.4) | 3.2 (1.5, 7.6) | 3.1 (1.1, 9.5) | 0.345 |
| Above threshold | 95 (39%) | 75 (35%) | 170 (37%) | 0.426 |
| Toluene µg·m−3 (n=462) | 15.1 (4.9, 50.0) | 15.9 (6.5, 51.7) | 15.5 (5.9, 50.0) | 0.342 |
| Above threshold | 24 (10%) | 23 (11%) | 47 (10%) | 0.728 |
| CO mg·m−3 (n=502) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 5.6) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.018 |
| Above threshold | 17 (7%) | 30 (12%) | 47 (9%) | 0.026 |
| Maternal antenatal tobacco smoking | ||||
| Number of mothers | 530 | 451 | 981 | |
| Maternal urine cotinine (n=954) | 512 | 442 | ||
| <10 ng·mL−1, non-smoker | 181 (35%) | 47 (11%) | 228 (24%) | <0.001 |
| 10–499 ng·mL−1, passive/exposed | 255 (50%) | 155 (35%) | 410 (43%) | |
| ≥500 ng·mL−1, active smoker | 76 (15%) | 240 (54%) | 316 (33%) | |
| Infant urine cotinine | ||||
| Urine cotinine at birth or 6–10 weeks (n=763) | 415 | 348 | ||
| <10 ng·mL−1 | 184 (44%) | 55 (16%) | 239 (31%) | <0.001 |
| 10–499 ng·mL−1 | 212 (51%) | 208 (60%) | 420 (55%) | |
| ≥500 ng·mL−1 | 19 (5%) | 85 (24%) | 104 (14%) |
Data are presented as median (interquartile range), unless otherwise stated. PM10: particulate matter <10 μm in diameter; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide. #: dimensions comprise type of home, building material, water supply, toilet facilities, kitchen type and ventilation in kitchen areas.