Table 1.
Associations between the presence of STAS and clinicopathological features, α‐SMA‐positive CAFs, and CD204‐positive TAMs
| Variables | STAS, No. of patients | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | Positive | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age, year | 0.183 | |||
| ≤ 65 | 46 | 39 | 1 | |
| > 65 | 39 | 68 | 1.458 (0.837–2.541) | |
| Gender | 0.218 | |||
| Male | 48 | 60 | 1 | |
| Female | 53 | 47 | 1.410 (0.816–2.434) | |
| Smoking history | 0.541 | |||
| No | 59 | 58 | 1 | |
| Yes | 42 | 49 | 1.187 (0.686–2.055) | |
| Clinical stage | < 0.001 | |||
| I | 82 | 45 | 1 | |
| II | 15 | 35 | 4.252 (2.099–8.611) | |
| IIIA | 4 | 27 | 12.300 (4.049–37.369) | |
| Tumor diameter (cm) | < 0.001 | |||
| ≤ 3 | 65 | 36 | 1 | |
| > 3 | 41 | 66 | 2.907 (1.654–5.107) | |
| Lymph node metastasis | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 82 | 46 | 1 | |
| Yes | 19 | 61 | 5.723 (3.051–10.734) | |
| Histological subtypes | 0.005 | |||
| Lepidic | 9 | 5 | 1 | |
| Acinar | 42 | 22 | 0.943 (0.281–3.158) | |
| Papillary | 38 | 57 | 2.700 (0.840–8.680) | |
| Solid | 11 | 17 | 2.782 (0.735–10.524) | |
| Micropapillary | 1 | 6 | 10.800 (0.997–116.998) | |
| α‐SMA‐positive CAFs | < 0.001 | |||
| Low | 77 | 47 | 1 | |
| High | 24 | 60 | 4.096 (2.256–7.436) | |
| CD204‐positive TAMs | 0.001 | |||
| Low | 60 | 38 | 1 | |
| High | 41 | 69 | 2.657 (1.517–4.656) | |
Significant P value shown in bold.
CAFs, cancer‐associated fibroblasts; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; STAS, spread through air spaces; TAMs, tumor‐associated macrophages.