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. 2019 Feb;189(2):370–390. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.10.017

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Antibiotic (ABX) perturbation of indigenous gut microbiota. A: Experimental timeline of the broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail of vancomycin (500 mg/L) targeting Gram (+) bacteria, imipenem/cilastatin (500 mg/L) targeting Gram (+), Gram (−), and anaerobes, and neomycin (1000 mg/L) targeting Gram (+) and Gram (−) bacteria. B–F: 16S rDNA analysis of fecal specimens from 12-week–old mice. B and C: Universal 16S gene analysis for bacterial load in males (B) and females (C). D–F: Phylum-level composition in males and females, displayed in pie chart (D) and bar graph (E and F) format. Phylum-level real-time quantitative PCR analysis was normalized to the universal 16S gene expression. Unpaired t-test was used. Data are expressed as means ± SEM. n = 5 per group (B and C). ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗P < 0.001 versus vehicle. Tx, treatment; VEH, vehicle; wk, week.