Table 1.
Prevalence and odds ratio of HMB according to demographics, lifestyle factors, reproductive history, and present clinically diagnosed diseases
| Characteristics | Participant | Participant experiencing HMB | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) a | n | Prevalence (%) | P value | Crude OR (95%CI) d | |
| Overall | 2356 (100.0) | 429 | 18.2 | – | – |
| Age (years) | |||||
| ≤ 24 | 559 (23.7) | 113 | 20.2 | 0.155 b | 1.24 (0.83–1.84) |
| 25–29 | 511 (21.7) | 93 | 18.2 | 1.09 (0.72–1.63) | |
| 30–34 | 461 (19.6) | 79 | 17.1 | 1.01 (0.66–1.53) | |
| 35–39 | 331 (14.1) | 66 | 19.9 | 1.21 (0.79–1.87) | |
| 40–44 | 259 (11.0) | 38 | 14.7 | 0.84 (0.52–1.36) | |
| ≥ 45 | 235 (10.0) | 40 | 17.0 | Reference | |
| Occupation e | |||||
| Farmer | 176 (7.5) | 25 | 14.2 | 0.720 c | Reference |
| Technical personnel | 437 (18.5) | 71 | 16.2 | 1.17 (0.72–1.92) | |
| Business service personnel | 834 (35.4) | 158 | 18.9 | 1.41 (0.89–2.23) | |
| Student | 312 (13.2) | 59 | 18.9 | 1.41 (0.85–2.34) | |
| Worker | 278 (11.8) | 53 | 19.1 | 1.42 (0.85–2.39) | |
| Clerk | 319 (13.5) | 63 | 19.7 | 1.49 (0.90–2.46) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| 18.5–23.9 | 1486 (63.1) | 269 | 18.1 | 0.735 b | Reference |
| < 18.5 | 303 (12.9) | 64 | 21.1 | 1.21 (0.89–1.65) | |
| 24.0–27.9 | 419 (17.8) | 69 | 16.5 | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) | |
| ≥ 28.0 | 99 (4.2) | 18 | 18.2 | 1.01 (0.59–1.70) | |
| Smoking | |||||
| Never | 2235 (94.9) | 406 | 18.2 | 0.869 c | Reference |
| Occasionally | 80 (3.4) | 13 | 16.3 | 0.87 (0.48–1.60) | |
| Regularly | 26 (1.1) | 6 | 23.1 | 1.35 (0.54–3.39) | |
| Former smoker | 9 (0.4) | 2 | 22.2 | 1.29 (0.27–6.22) | |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| Never | 1287 (54.6) | 199 | 15.5 | < 0.001 c | Reference |
| Occasionally | 1021 (43.3) | 219 | 21.5 | 1.49 (1.21–1.85) | |
| Regularly | 29 (1.2) | 10 | 34.5 | 2.88 (1.32–6.28) | |
| Former user | 14 (0.6) | 1 | 7.1 | 0.42 (0.06–3.23) | |
| Number of pregnancies | |||||
| 0 | 955 (40.5) | 175 | 18.3 | 0.392 b | Reference |
| 1 | 508 (21.6) | 81 | 15.9 | 0.85 (0.63–1.13) | |
| 2 | 423 (18.0) | 72 | 17.0 | 0.91 (0.68–1.24) | |
| 3 | 208 (8.8) | 41 | 19.7 | 1.09 (0.75–1.60) | |
| ≥ 4 | 73 (3.1) | 19 | 26.0 | 1.57 (0.91–2.71) | |
| Number of abortions | |||||
| 0 | 1543 (65.5) | 265 | 17.2 | 0.004 b | Reference |
| 1 | 400 (17.0) | 71 | 17.8 | 1.04 (0.78–1.39) | |
| 2 | 178 (7.6) | 38 | 21.4 | 1.31 (0.89–1.92) | |
| ≥ 3 | 53 (2.3) | 19 | 35.9 | 2.70 (1.51–4.80) | |
| Number of childbirths | |||||
| 0 | 1034 (43.9) | 198 | 19.2 | 0.076 b | Reference |
| 1 | 961 (40.8) | 169 | 17.6 | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) | |
| ≥ 2 | 197 (8.4) | 27 | 13.7 | 0.67 (0.43–1.04) | |
| Uterine fibroids | |||||
| Yes | 186 (7.9) | 51 | 27.4 | 0.001 c | 1.79 (1.27–2.52) |
| No | 2170 (92.1) | 378 | 17.4 | Reference | |
| Coagulation disorders | |||||
| Yes | 2 (0.1) | 1 | 50.0 | 0.331 c | 4.50 (0.28–72.09) |
| No | 2354 (99.9) | 428 | 18.2 | Reference | |
| Thyroid disorders | |||||
| Yes | 32 (1.4) | 7 | 21.9 | 0.588 c | 1.26 (0.54–2.94) |
| No | 2324 (98.6) | 422 | 18.2 | Reference | |
| Iron-deficiency anemia | |||||
| Yes | 151 (6.4) | 38 | 25.2 | 0.022 c | 1.56 (1.06–2.29) |
| No | 2205 (93.6) | 391 | 17.7 | Reference | |
BMI body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters), CI confidence interval, HMB heavy menstrual bleeding, OR odds ratio
aNumbers or percentages might not add to total or 100 because of missing data
bChi-square for trend test
cPearson chi-square test
dOR calculated in univariate logistic regression analyses
eOccupations were classified into six groups according to the 2010 Beijing population census data: 1) producers in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, and water conservancy (= “farmer”); 2) business service personnel; 3) production, transport equipment operators, and related workers (= “worker”); 4) technical personnel; 5) clerk and related workers (= “clerk”); and 6) students