Table 1.
Demographics, geographic data, and clinical characteristics of low income women with gestational diabetes in Missouri (n = 1078)
| Demographics | Median (IQR) or n(%) |
|---|---|
| Age at delivery | 28 (24–33) |
| Advanced maternal age (35 + at delivery) | 211 (19.6) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| White non-Hispanic (or ethnicity unreported) | 338 (31.4) |
| Black non-Hispanic (or ethnicity unreported) | 438 (40.6) |
| Hispanic | 168 (15.6) |
| Asian | 45 (4.2) |
| Other (Native American, Pacific Islander, More than one Race) | 37 (3.4) |
| Missing/Unreported | 52 (4.8) |
| Preferred Language other than English | 193 (17.9) |
| Preferred Language not available | 133 (12.3) |
| Geographic dataa | |
| Residence in county with metropolitan area > one million (n = 1044) | 722 (69.2) |
| Lived near public transportation (n = 1063) | 739 (69.5) |
| Distance from home to nearest health center (km) (n = 1041) | 4.7 (2.2–10.4) |
| Modified retail food environment index (mRFEI) by census tractb (n = 1053) | 9.1 (4.8–14.3) |
| Census tract of residence had no healthy food retailers by mRFEI (n = 1053) | 199 (18.9) |
| Selected comorbidities and pregnancy complicationsc | |
| Pregnancy specific comorbidity index ≥ 1d | 777 (72.1) |
| Drug abuse | 55 (5.1) |
| Pre-existing depression | 186 (17.3) |
| Postpartum depression without pre-existing depression | 45 (4.2) |
| Asthma | 95 (8.8) |
| Pre-existing hypertension | 153 (14.2) |
| Transient gestational hypertension w/o pre-existing hypertension | 73 (6.8) |
| Mild pre-eclampsia | 63 (5.8) |
| Severe pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia | 50 (4.6) |
| Selected delivery complicationse | |
| C-section (prior pregnancy) | 258 (23.9) |
| C-section (this pregnancy) | 369 (34.2) |
| Induction | 340 (31.5) |
| Cord complication | 140 (13.0) |
| Chorioamnionitis | 112 (10.4) |
| Preterm labor | 80 (7.4) |
| Abnormal forces of labor | 66 (6.1) |
| Malpresentation | 67 (6.2) |
| Obstruction of labor without dystocia | 48 (4.5) |
| Shoulder dystocia | 40 (3.7) |
aMissing geographic data resulted from inability to match to home address to geocode, out of state address listed, or missing clinic information
b Per the CDC, mean mRFEI in Missouri and nationally is 10
c Other comorbidities present in less than 5% of the population: congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), alcohol abuse, pulmonary hypertension, chronic renal disease, sickle cell disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, cardiac valve disease, multiple gestation
d In the validation cohort for the comorbidity index, developed in a Medicaid population, less than half the population had a score of 1 or higher. Each additional point increase in comorbidity index was associated with a 37% increase (95% CI 1.35–1.39) in maternal end organ injury or death from delivery to 30 days postpartum
e Other delivery complications present in less than 5% of the population: fetopelvic disproportion, postpartum hemorrhage, placenta previa, placental abruption, other delivery infection, hypotension, severe laceration