Table 2.
Major comorbidities and its association with mortality
| Major comorbidities | Cases (%) | Association with mortality (P) |
|---|---|---|
| Hypertension | 55 (96.5) | 0.172 |
| Diabetes mellitus with end organ damage (retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy) | 55 (96.5) | 0.940 |
| Cardiovascular problem | ||
| Known IHD | 49 (86) | 0.872 |
| Recent* ACS (STEMI, NSTEMI, troponin leak due to sepsis) | 9 (15.8) | 0.848 |
| Cardiac arrhythmia with or without pacemaker | 4 (7) | 0.913 |
| CHF | 32 (56.1) | 0.129 |
| PVD | 35 (61.4) | 0.439 |
| Neurological problem | ||
| Old CVA | 12 (21.1) | 0.139 |
| Acute CVA† | 5 (8.8) | |
| Others - dementia, parkinsonism, meningioma | 11 (19.3) | |
| Renal problem | ||
| CKD 1-3 | 25 (43.8) | 0.064 |
| CKD 4-5 | 6 (10.5) | |
| Sepsis | ||
| Sepsis‡ | 53 (93) | 0.55 |
| Septic shock (at clinical presentation) | 4 (7) | |
| Bleeding potential | ||
| Mild coagulopathy (requires FFP transfusion) | 2 (3.5) | 0.36 |
| Antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy | 43 (75.4) | |
| Other significant comorbidities | ||
| Lung disorders (pleural effusion, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, superimposed pneumonia) | 4 (7) | N/A |
| Previous lower limb deep vein thrombosis (with or without caval filter) | 3 (5.3) | |
| Clinical hypothyroidism | 1 (1.7) | |
| Chronic liver disease | 2 (3.5) |
All values are expressed in numbers and percentages; Pearson’s Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test were adopted for categorical variables, where appropriate. *Recent ACS defined as diagnosis within 3 months prior to surgery or during current hospital admission; One of them had STEMI, 3 had NSTEMI and 3 had raised troponin level likely secondary to sepsis as diagnosed by cardiologists, †Two unilateral MCA territory infarct, 1 unilateral PCA infarct, and 1 bilateral cerebellar infarct; ‡Evidenced by clinical signs, raised total white cell counts, raised inflammatory markers, i.e., CRP bacteremia from blood cultures. CRP=C-reactive protein, N/A=Not applicable, FFP=Fresh frozen plasma, IHD=Ischemic heart disease, CHF=Congestive heart failure, PVD=Peripheral vascular disease, CVA=Cerebrovascular accident, STEMI=ST elevation myocardial infarction, NSTEMI=Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, MCA=Middle cerebral artery, PCA=Posterior cerebral artery, CKD=Chronic kidney disease